<p>Americas Credit Union Museum is located in Manchester, New Hampshire, on the site of the first credit union founded in the United States. The museum, at 418-420 Notre Dame Avenue, is housed at the original location for St. Marys Cooperative Credit Association, renamed in 1925 to La Caisse Populaire Ste.-Marie, or "Bank of the People", St. Mary&#39;s. In 1996, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Building at 418-420 Notre Dame Ave."</p><br>
<p>What is now the museum was formerly a three-story, three-family dwelling belonging to Joseph Boivin, the manager of the St. Mary&#39;s Cooperative Credit Association. Boivin started the credit union with the help of Monsignor Pierre Hevey and Alphonse Desjardins. The building was donated to the museum by Mr. & Mrs. Armand Lemire. To create the museum, the first two floors were converted into exhibit space about credit union history in the United States. The first floor pays tribute to the founding era of the credit union from 1908-1933. The second floor has historical artifacts beginning from 1934, featuring the Estes Park conference that created CUNA, and the 1934 Federal Credit Union Act which enabled credit unions to be established in all states in the nation. The third floor contains an 85-person capacity meeting space with LCD projectors.</p><br>
<p>The museum received a $25,000 grant from the National Credit Union Foundation in 2008 to expand its financial education program.</p><br>
<p>Currently the museum is open three days a week, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. There is no charge for admission.</p><br>
<p>Utkinton Hall is a country house to the southeast of the village of Utkinton, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The hall originated as a large manor house for the Done family, who were the hereditary wardens of Delamere Forest, and is now a farmhouse. It has a medieval core but most of it dates from the early 17th century. It was partly refaced around 1700 and again in the early 18th century for Sir John Crewe. The hall is built in ashlar red sandstone. Part of the hall has an orange brick façade with red sandstone dressings. It has a Welsh slate roof and brick chimneys. Walls and gatepiers surrounding the hall are listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<p>James I visited the hall while hunting at Delamere Forest in 1617. Armorial stained glass that was formerly in the hall is now held in the Burrell Collection, Glasgow.</p><br>
<p>Lake Osborne, Florida, USA is a 378-acre  lake that is part of a system of once natural freshwater lakes lying along the western slope of the coastal ridge in Palm Beach County just west of the Florida Intracoastal Waterway and Atlantic Ocean. It is located within the C-16 drainage basin which occupies approximately 40,031 acres of land . Five drainage canals discharge directly to Lake Osborne, and Lake Osborne discharges via the E-4 canal to the C16 and C51 canals to the Lake Worth Lagoon. The lake is bordered on the west by John Prince Memorial Park, and on the east be the City of Lake Worth.</p><br>
<p>This lake system has been greatly impacted from human activities. It has been extensively modified and reduced in size by dredge and fill activities from urban and residential development; several lakes were completely filled and built upon. The lakes were probably dredged contemporaneous with canal construction in the 1920s or earlier. It is likely that filling of the adjacent wetlands for residential construction occurred at the same time or later. Square Lake and its oxbow lake were dredged for fill in the 1960s and additional dredging occurred in the north lobe of Lake Osborne in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Degradation of lake water quality has been ongoing; however with the elimination of domestic waste discharges 20+ years ago, the water quality has shown improvement. Eutrophication continues as a result of continued discharges of stormwater and agricultural and yard/street runoff. More than two dozen stormwater outfalls are situated within 1000 ft of Lake Osborne. In addition to the lake’s loss of habitat value due to urban and residential growth, there has been significant establishment of exotic vegetation, fish, and molluscan species that have disrupted the lake’s ecosystem function.</p><br>
<p>Lake Osborne is important to Palm Beach County for transporting, processing, and storing stormwater and serving as a water supply reservoir. It is also of considerable value to the County for its scenic value and the recreational opportunities it provides. It is heavily used for boating and fishing as well as a variety of shore-based activities. In addition, John Prince Park, located along the western shoreline of Lake Osborne’s north and central lobe, offers an ecotourism destination for visitors seeking a natural experience where they can enjoy and learn about this ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>Due to development, vegetated littoral areas in and adjacent to Lake Osborne have been reduced to a fragment of their original size. The lake shorelines predominantly consist of bare sand or mowed grass and exotic and/or invasive vegetation. John Prince Park maintains a lawn like appearance for the majority of the shorelines of Lake Osborne. Within the water column exotic vegetation, such as water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), and now Hygrophila (Hygrophila spp.), pose an ongoing nuisance and are treated with aquatic herbicides. With the loss of aquatic habitat, fish populations within the lake are becoming more represented by rough species, such as Tilapia (Tilapia sp. and Oreochromis sp.).</p><br>
<p>Stone Street Baptist Church is a historic African-American Baptist church in Mobile, Alabama. The congregation was established well before the American Civil War, with Stone Street Baptist recognized today as one of Alabama&#39;s most influential African-American Baptist churches. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stone Street Baptist Church was the second church building constructed by members of this congregation. In 1843 the white trustees of Saint Anthony Street Baptist Church purchased a plot of land at the southwest corner of Chestnut and Tunstall streets for the use of the African branch of the church, which became the Stone Street Baptist Church. Twenty-five years later the title to the property was transferred to the African-American trustees of the Stone Street Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The first African-American pastor for the congregation was Richard Fields. In 1859, after descendants of the Clotilde settled in Africatown, they also joined in with members of Stone Street Baptist Church. These descendants had ancestral roots in Ghana and the Kingdom of Whydah, Dahomey, located in present-day Benin. In 1864, Reverend Benjamin Franklin Burke of Richmond, Virginia, became pastor and led the congregation for 38 years, until his death on September 27, 1902. It was Burke who moved the congregation to 311 Cleveland Street in 1870. Cleveland Street was later changed to Tunstall Street in honor of former pastor Dr. Charles A. Tunstall. Reverend K. D. Watkins, who pastored from 1907 to 1915, rebuilt Stone Street Baptist Church in 1909. The church received a major renovation in 1931 under the leadership of Reverend M. C. Cleveland.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>This historical congregation has had only sixteen pastors in 196 years. Richard Fields, also called “Uncle Dick,” was the first pastor, followed by Reverend Kadar Hawthorn, Reverend Benjamin F. Burke, Reverend Henry Watson, Reverend Jacobs, Reverend K. D. Watkins, Reverend T. M. Mosley, Reverend C. H. Hawkins, Reverend W. M. Banks, Reverend M. C. Cleveland, Reverend C. T. Hayes, Reverend J. A. Robinson, Reverend V. W. Glanton, Dr. Charles A. Tunstall, Dr. Harold W. Toliver, and Reverend Milton E. Saffold, the current pastor.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Charles A. Tunstall served the longest as pastor, from 1949 to 1992, a total of 43 years. Under his leadership, the church membership increased, land around the church was purchased, an expansion of auxiliaries took place, a ministry for the hearing impaired was instituted (the first such ministry within the Alabama and National Baptist Convention), and the modern educational building was constructed in 1981, which was named in his honor—The Charles A. Tunstall Educational Building. These accomplishments were testaments to his leadership, dedicated service, and love for the Stone Street Baptist Church family. Pastor Tunstall died April 3, 1992.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Dr. Tunstall, the congregation called Dr. Harold W. Toliver as pastor on September 30, 1992. Dr. Toliver served eight years under Dr. Tunstall as his Assistant. Under the leadership of Dr. Toliver, over 120 members joined the church, an outreach wheelchair ministry was established where wheelchair using members are picked up every Sunday on a specially equipped van, a Ward system involving Deacons was set up, Deacons were assigned to auxiliaries, a strong Laymen’s group was organized, needed repairs to the church were made, an all male chorus was organized to sing praises to God, and the Gospel was both preached and taught. On September 25, 2002, the congregation called as pastor, the Reverend Milton E. Saffold of Montgomery, Alabama. He currently serves as the sixteenth pastor of the Stone Street Baptist Church. Reverend Saffold leads the congregation through preaching of the Gospel, teaching of the Bible, and growth in the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Under his leadership, several new ministries have been established or continued. They include the Christian Education Ministry, the Deaf Ministry, the Married Couples Ministry, the New Members Ministry, the Outreach Ministry, the Singles Ministry, the Youth Ministry, and the Seniors Ministry. Also during this time the church’s quarterly newsletter has been revived, “The Stone Chronicle,” which is published, written, and distributed by our Youth Department, “casual Sunday” has been put into practice, where every fifth Sunday the entire membership worships in appropriate, casual attire, the church is now a Partner in Education with neighborhood schools, the Boys Scout and Girls Scout troops—at all levels—have been reorganized in the church, needed repairs have been made around the church, the first ever City Wide Resurrection Sunrise service was conducted at Cooper Riverside Park in downtown Mobile, for Easter Services, which is now an annual event, yearly revival services are scheduled, quarterly leadership workshops for officers and members are offered, a year-end Memorial Service is held remembering loved ones lost during the year, and an annual Watch Night Service is held on New Year’s Eve.</p><br>
<p>Lymm Cross is in the village of Lymm, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The cross dates from the early to mid-17th century and was restored in 1897. It is constructed of sandstone and stands on an artificially stepped natural outcrop of red sandstone. Its shaft stands in a square pavilion of red sandstone with square corner pillars. It has a stone roof with a pedimented gable to each face and ball finials. Above the cross is an extension which carries a stone ball and an ornate weather vane. On the east, south and west gables are bronze sundials of 1897 carrying the inscriptions "We are a Shadow", "Save Time" and "Think of the Last".</p><br>
<p>The adjacent stocks are separately Grade II listed.</p><br>
<p>The Mennonite Settler is a 17-foot limestone statue in Newton, Kansas, honoring Mennonite farmers and their wheat heritage.</p><br>
<p>The statue was crafted in 1942 by Topeka artist Max Nixon out of native Kansas limestone. It depicts a bearded Mennonite farmer with hat in hand, in an attitude of prayer. The sculpture rests on a mosaic tile base with the inscription "Commemorating entry into Kansas from Russia of Turkey Red Hard Wheat by Mennonites 1874." The statue commemorates the introduction from Russia of Turkey Red hard winter wheat by Mennonite settlers, which helped make Kansas the "breadbasket of America." The statue was jointly financed through a community fundraising drive and a Works Progress Administration (WPA) art project.</p><br>
<p>The statue was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 and underwent an extensive three-year restoration that was completed in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel, also known as Eight-Foot Transonic Tunnel, was a wind tunnel located in Building 641 of NASA&#39;s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It was a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was completed in 1936 at a cost of $36,266,000. Because of its high speed and Bernoulli&#39;s principle, the pressure in the test section is much lower than that in the rest of the tunnel. This required a structure that could withstand an inward force due to the pressure difference. Instead of steel construction, it was built from reinforced concrete with walls up to 1 ft (0.3 m) thick. This resulted in an "igloo-like" structure at the test section. The wind tunnel was designed as a single-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to a Mach number up to 0.75. It was powered by an 8,000 hp electric motor. It was repowered to 16,000 hp to give Mach number 1 capability in 1945. In 1947, the speed was increased to a Mach number of 1.2 with the installation of a contoured nozzle. In 1950, a slotted-throat test section was installed, and it was repowered to 25,000 hp.</p><br>
<p>Because it was the first continuous-flow high-speed tunnel, this tunnel was a landmark in wind tunnel design. This meant it could operate almost indefinitely to produce a high-speed airstream approaching the speed of sound. And it was large enough to accommodate large-scale models and even full-scale aircraft sections.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, the tunnel was the first in the world to be modified to incorporate a slotted throat design. This revolutionary design gave researchers their first accurate data on airframe performance in the transonic range. The tunnel was deactivated in 1956, when a new 8 ft tunnel was built near it.</p><br>
<p>The wind tunnel was used for critical tests that validated the area rule for the design of supersonic aircraft. This said that the fuselage of the aircraft should narrow at the wings and expand at their trailing edges. This resulted in "wasp-waisted" aircraft.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was taken out of service in 1956.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985. In 2011, Building 641, which housed the tunnel, was demolished. The landmark designation was withdrawn in 2014, and it was removed from the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>There are additional photographs of the wind tunnel in the Historic American Engineering Record collection.</p><br>
<p>Salzofen cave is an archaeological site in Styria, Austria. It is located in the municipality of Grundlsee at an altitude of approximately 2,000 m, about sixty meters below the summit. It is known for its Neolithic and Middle Paleolithic finds of fireplaces, stone tools, and bone tools, the latter dating from 65000 to 31000 BCE.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>In 1924 two hunters, who had taken shelter in the cave from a storm found several fossilized bones in the entrance area. They handed them over to Otto Körber, a local school principal from Bad Aussee. Körber visited the site on the next day and immediately began to dig, progressing almost 100 m until summer, unearthing large amounts of bone fossils. He soon realized, that most of the faunal remains are to be attributed to an interglacial period. The vast majority of the bones belonged to cave bears and Körber was able to reconstruct an entire cave skeleton from his findings. In deeper and older layers, he discovered bone fossils of wolf, marten, Alpine ibex and a complete wolverine skeleton. In 1934 Körber found the first and for him only object made by prehistoric humans, a scraper made of horn although numerous charcoal fragments and burnt bones lead him to conclude, that he had found one of the most elevated occupation sites of Paleo-humans in Europe. During 1939, 1948 to 1953 and 1956 to 1964 excavations took place under the leadership of Kurt Ehrenberg. He found assemblages of tools and objects and suspiciously arrangements of bear skulls, that could only be attributed to human activity.</p><br>
<p>St. Agatha&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church located at 144 Circle Drive, in DeFuniak Springs, Florida in the United States. It is a contributing property in the DeFuniak Springs Historic District.</p><br>
<p>"It is a jewel box of great beauty "</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1880s, the Rt. Rev. Edwin G. Weed, third bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Florida, found three families of Episcopalians when he visited DeFuniak Springs and from that nucleus St. Agatha&#39;s was born. The first baptism was in 1890 in a private home. Construction of the church building began in 1895. At Easter when the women of the mission wanted services in the unfinished church they asked the men of the church to read Morning Prayer. The men refused stating that the church had not yet been consecrated and no men in the parish had yet been licensed as lay readers to conduct services. The women took matters into their own hands. They decked the lath that was awaiting plaster with flowers and greenery from floor to ceiling. They proceeded to read Morning Prayer. This was long before women became eligible to be licensed as lay readers. The church has the only pure pipe organ in the county. It was hand built by a parishioner and completed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the building deteriorated and some repairs were made. Vinyl siding was added to avoid high painting costs. However some of the wood underneath the vinyl rotted. The rains eroded the foundation and the leaded glass windows began to bow. From 2000 to 2007, with the help of matching grants from the state Bureau of Historic Preservation, St. Agathas was able to restore its original exterior. Independently they made other repairs needed to restore the church interior and Parish House. The church was rededicated on December 9, 2007. St. Agathas has had few full-time priests. The attendance is only around 30-40 people. It is still a functioning organized mission in the Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast.</p><br>
<p>Buckingham Island is a Canadian arctic island located in Norwegian Bay in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The island lies immediately southwest of Graham Island and 50 km east of Cornwall Island. Buckingham Island is 10 km wide and has an area of 137 km&sup2;. It is a part of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.</p><br>
<p>Its highest peak is named Mount Windsor. Both the peak and the island itself are named after royal palaces. Capt. Edward Belcher, searching for John Franklin in 1852-1854, described the island&#39;s surrounds:</p><br>
<p>"The heavy, even solid nature of the floe surrounding, or, where nipped, the almost berg-like lumps that protruded, afforded a fair inference that the sea is seldom seriously disturbed in these latitudes: on the other hand, if we take into consideration the exuviae of whales and other animals, found at every elevation, even to the summits of hills above 800 feet; the extraordinary wear or abrasion of the outlines, which nothing we have experienced could effect, it almost leads one to imagine that nature at some moment, possibly past and for ever, fatally perhaps for those we seek, has piled up layer over layer to effect what otherwise nothing but a recent deluge could account for."(Belcher, 1855)</p><br>
<p>The Varaita  is a 75 km river of the Province of Cuneo in northwest Italy. It is the first right tributary of the Po River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river springs at an elevation of some 2,500 m on the slopes of Monviso, in the Cottian Alps near the French border, then proceeds through the valley named after it—the Valle Varaita—where it passes through centres including Frassino, Sampeyre, Brossasco and Costigliole Saluzzo. Having entered the plains of the Po valley it joins the Po near Casalgrasso.</p><br>
<h2>Regime</h2><br>
<p>The regime is typical of an Alpine torrent: the flow is at its greatest in spring and in autumn while being drastically reduced during the summer. The mean discharge at its confluence with the Po is about 12 m3/s.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Banneker: SW 9 Intermediate Boundary Stone, also known as an Intermediate Stone of the District of Columbia, is a surveyors boundary marker stone, along what was once a boundary of Washington, DC, and now marks part of the boundary between City of Falls Church and Arlington County, Virginia . It is within Arlington Countys Benjamin Banneker Park at 6620 18th Street North. It was named and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 at the instigation of the Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation to honor Benjamin Banneker, who assisted in the land surveys that laid out Washington&#39;s boundaries. The stone was the first of the District of Columbia boundary markers to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The boundary stone is a sandstone block about 1 ft square in cross section, extending about 15 in above ground and probably about 2 ft below ground. The top is rounded and worn. Standardized inscriptions placed on each side of the stone are only partially visible, due in part to the stone&#39;s sinking over time.</p><br>
<p>The words "Jurisdiction of the United States" are inscribed on the northeast side, which faced the federal territory (once the District of Columbia; now Arlington County). The opposite side now facing the City of Falls Church contains the remnant of the word "Virginia". Between those two sides, one side contains the year "1791", while the opposite side contains the remnant of an inscription recording the variation of the compass needle at the stone&#39;s location (indicated as "Var."). A brass marker was once mounted top of the stone, placed in early 1900s by the Daughters of the American Revolution; it has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The stone is one of 40 boundary markers of the original District of Columbia. Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) was an African American surveyor, mathematician and astronomer who assisted Andrew Ellicott during the first three months of Ellicott&#39;s 1791-1792 survey of the boundaries of the original District of Columbia.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Building is a 12-story office building in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, built in 1912. It served as headquarters for two commerce associations from 1912 to 1921. It is now a mixed-use commercial, office, and residential building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 for having local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for its association with the business networking organizations that influenced Saint Paul&#39;s late-19th/early-20th-century economic and civic growth.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Commerce Building was originally built to house the Commercial Club of St. Paul and the offices of the St. Paul Association of Commerce. Years later, it reflects the economic strength and civic influence of Saint Paul&#39;s business organizations at the beginning of the 20th century. The Commerce Building is typical of buildings designed to house commercial and civic groups as well as private tenants.</p><br>
<p>Most large American cities had at least one commercial organization by the 1880s. By the turn of the 20th century, terms such as "Board of Trade," "Commercial Club," and "Chamber of Commerce" were common. These organizations sought to strengthen the economic and civic life of their cities. They supported civic reforms and opposed taxes. They also developed local retail trade, attracted new industries, and exposed transportation problems. When possible, they advertised their cities as convention locations. Saint Paul led Minnesota in developing business associations.</p><br>
<p>The St. Paul Commercial Club incorporated in 1891. It opened offices in the Germania Life Insurance Building. The Clubs success was almost immediate, and it played an important role in the citys commerce.</p><br>
<p>Commercial Club members announced their intention to build a new headquarters in 1909. Club member and architect Hermann Kretz was chosen to design the new building. Not only was a centralized building desired, but also a consolidated organization. Many local existing business associations had overlapping aims. In 1911 the Commercial Club and several other groups merged to form the St. Paul Association of Commerce. The Commercial Club still continued to function as an independent association after the merger. Construction of what was first known as the Commercial Building and later as the Commerce Building began in April 1911. The period between 1880 and 1920 saw the addition of many new building types to downtown Saint Paul. The most significant was the tall office building built on a steel or concrete skeleton. The office building expressed the growing separation of production and office work. Companies needed more office space and wanted buildings that would convey financial strength.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Building was created on the model of the office building or skyscraper. Its design used the Ransome slab and Turner mushroom systems of concrete construction. Such reinforced concrete construction may have allowed for the rapid completion of the building. It was prepared for interior finishes by October 1911. The interior featured offices and clubrooms on the upper two levels. Terrazzo floors were installed throughout the building along with concrete mushroom columns. The building cost an estimated $250,000 to build.</p><br>
<p>The grand opening of the Commercial Club was on September 9, 1912. It began with the Town Criers&#39; band leading two hundred members from the old headquarters to the new. Saint Paul Mayor Herbert P. Keller and Bishop John Jeremiah Lawler spoke at the opening dinner. The event was followed by a week of festivities around the new quarters.</p><br>
<p>The Association grew over the years and played a key role in the business sector of Minnesota. As labor unions gained strength, rich industrialists saw a need to capture middle-class support. Thus the 1920s saw Saint Pauls business associations expand their roles in labor, womens organizations, and charitable organizations. The depressions of 1921–1923 and 1929–1933 weakened businesses and office rentals throughout the country. The Commerce Building&#39;s tenant losses during those years reflected the problems of the national economy. When the ten-year lease agreement at the Commerce Building ended in 1921, the St. Paul Association of Commerce moved to another building and the Commercial Club dissolved. Another company moved into the former quarters of the Commercial Club.</p><br>
<p>Construction slowed in downtown Saint Paul in the 1930s and 1940s due to the Great Depression and World War II. Many 19th-century buildings were torn down or vacated. Between 1930 and 1945 Saint Paul lost many landmarks, but the Commerce Building survived. It also escaped the urban renewal projects that destroyed many of Saint Paul&#39;s downtown office buildings in the 1950s. In 2008 the Commerce Building was converted into apartment units.</p><br>
<p>The Commerce Building is a symbol of the early-twentieth-century success of Saint Pauls business and civic organizations. The St. Paul Commercial Club and St. Paul Association of Commerce were among the first in the country to merge their organizations into a single building. These groups support for the city&#39;s economy reached all aspects of business as well as city planning and the development of charities.</p><br>
<p>Tower Mountain, 2,193 ft, is a prominent peak in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest and is traversed by the 35 mi Taconic Crest hiking trail and the 12.1 mi multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail. The summit is partially open with views to the west; the slopes are wooded with northern hardwood tree species.</p><br>
<p>Tower Mountain is located within Hancock, Massachusetts; it shares the summit ridge with Pine Mountain to the east; Smith Mountain is located south along the ridgeline, and Berry Mountain to the north. It is bordered by West Hill to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley. Tilden Swamp, a highland bog, is located just below the summit to the northeast. The west side of the mountain drains into Wyomanock Creek, then into Kinderhook Creek, thence into the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Smith Brook, Parker Brook, and Onota Lake, thence to the Housatonic River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Pine Mountain, 2,221 ft, is a prominent peak in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest and is traversed by the Pine Mountain Trail, which connects to the 35 mi Taconic Crest hiking trail and the 12.1 mi multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail.</p><br>
<p>The summit and west side of Pine Mountain are located within Hancock, Massachusetts; the east side is within Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Pine Mountain shares the summit ridge with Tower Mountain to the west; Smith Mountain is located south along the ridgeline, and Berry Mountain to the north. Tilden Swamp, a highland bog, is located just below the summit to the northwest. The mountain drains into Hawthorne Brook, Parker Brook, and Onota Lake, thence to the Housatonic River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Berry Mountain, east peak 2,203 ft and west peak 2,188 ft, is a prominent mountain in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest. The west peak is traversed by the 35 mi Taconic Crest hiking trail and the east peak is traversed by the 12.1 mi multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail. The summits are mostly wooded with northern hardwood forest species, but also support a 65 acre field of wild azaleas. A microwave tower stands on the east peak. A park loop automobile road and a campground, maintained for summer use, are located just to the north of the summits. Berry Pond, 2,150 ft, presumed the highest natural pond in the state of Massachusetts, is located on the ridge between Berry Mountain and Berry Hill to the north.</p><br>
<p>The west side and summits of Berry Mountain are located within Hancock, Massachusetts; the east slopes are located within Pittsfield. The ridgeline continues south from Berry Mountain as Pine Mountain and Tower Mountain; it continues north as Berry Hill. Berry Mountain is bordered by West Hill to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley. The west side of the mountain drains into Berry Pond Creek, then Wyomanock Creek, thence into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Lulu Creek and Parker Brook, thence into Onota Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Berry Hill, 2,200 ft, is a prominent mountain in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest and is traversed by a short spur trail from a park automobile road. The Taconic Crest hiking trail and the multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail are located nearby. The mountain is known for its wild azalea fields. Its slopes are wooded with northern hardwood forest species. A park loop automobile road nearly encircles the summit, and a campground, maintained for summer use, is located just to the south of the summit. Berry Pond, 2,150 ft, presumed the highest natural pond in the state of Massachusetts, is located on the ridge between Berry Hill and Berry Mountain to the south.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is located within Hancock, Massachusetts. The ridgeline continues south from Berry Hill as Berry Mountain; it continues north as Honwee Mountain. Berry Hill is bordered by West Hill to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley. The west side of the mountain drains into Berry Pond Creek, then Wyomanock Creek, thence into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Lulu Creek, thence into Onota Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Honwee Mountain, east summit 2,313 ft and west summit 2,280 ft, is a prominent mountain in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest. The east  summit is traversed by the Honwee Circuit multi-use trail. The west summit is crossed by the 35 mi Taconic Crest hiking trail and the 12.1 mi multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail. The mountain is wooded with northern hardwood forest species.</p><br>
<p>The east peak of Honwee mountain is located within the town of Lanesborough and the west peak in the town of Hancock. A shorter, middle summit 2,200 ft, is located between the east and west peaks, but it lacks significant prominence over the connecting ridge it occupies. A prominent spur peak called The Pinnacle, 1,710 ft, is located to the west of the main ridgeline.</p><br>
<p>The Taconic Range ridgeline continues north from Honwee Mountain as Poppy Mountain, south as Berry Hill, and west across the Wyomanock Creek valley as West Hill. The southwest side of the mountain drains into Berry Pond Creek, then Wyomanock Creek, thence into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The northwest side drains into Kinderhook Creek. The east side drains into Lulu Creek and Churchill Brook, thence into Onota Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Poppy Mountain, 2,311 ft, sometimes identified as Pease Ridge, its northwest descending crest, is a prominent peak in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest and is traversed by the 35 mi Taconic Crest hiking trail. The overgrown summit is wooded with northern hardwood forest species.</p><br>
<p>The summit and west side of Poppy Mountain is located within the town of Hancock and the eastern slopes within Lanesborough. It has several sub-peaks: Pease Ridge, a descending northwest ridgeline with a prominent knob 1,870 ft, two low spurs off the main summit 1,930 ft and 2,250 ft, and an eastern summit 2,150 ft, occasionally confused with nearby Potter Mountain in older hiking guidebooks.</p><br>
<p>The Taconic Range ridgeline continues north from Poppy Mountain as Potter Mountain (also known as Jiminy Peak), south as Honwee Mountain, and west across the Wyomanock Creek valley as Rounds Mountain. The west side of the mountain drains into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Daniels Brook and Churchill Brook, thence into Onota Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Smith Mountain, 2,170 ft, is a prominent peak in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts, USA. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest and is traversed by the 12.1 mi multi-use Taconic Skyline Trail. The summit is known for its extensive stand of wild azalea and is wooded with northern hardwood tree species.</p><br>
<p>Most of Smith Mountain is located within Hancock with lower east slopes within Pittsfield. West Mountain, 1,950 ft, a spur of Smith Mountain, is located along the mountain&#39;s south ridgeline. The Taconic ridgeline continues north from Smith Mountain as Pine Mountain and Tower Mountain, and south as Doll Mountain. It is bordered by West Hill to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley. The west side of the mountain drains into Wyomanock Creek, then into Kinderhook Creek, thence into the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Smith Brook, thence to the Housatonic River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>Doll Mountain, 1,930 ft, is a prominent peak in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest. The summit is wooded and trailless, but the multi-use Doll Mountain Trail traverses its northern slopes. The mountain is wooded with northern hardwood tree species.</p><br>
<p>Doll Mountain is located within Hancock, Massachusetts. The Taconic ridgeline continues north from Doll Mountain as Smith Mountain, south as Holy Mount and its ridge spur called Mount Lebanon, and to the east as Shaker Mountain. It is bordered by West Hill and The Knob to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley. The west side of the mountain drains into Wyomanock Creek, then into Kinderhook Creek, thence into the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Lily Brook, thence to the Housatonic River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The O.H. Booth Hose Company is a former firehouse along Main Street in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It was in use for roughly a century, from the late 1910s to the mid-2000s, when the citys police and fire departments consolidated their operations in a new building across the street. A local firefighters group has proposed turning it into a local fire museum.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story brick building with three bays, which could house two fire engines during its active days. The second and third stories have a distinctive arched window, a feature not normally seen in firehouses of the time.</p><br>
<p>The fire company was established in the mid-19th century, from a predecessor company, the Howard Hose Co. No. 2. Its members were jealous over the new facilities of two rival fire companies, and enough of them resigned that it was disbanded. Oliver H. Booth, the chief, organized the new company and it was named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>Around 1908, the company needed a new house on Main Street. Local architect William J. Beardsley, who had recently designed the new Dutchess County Court House, was hired. His building was plainer than other firehouses in the city, but came with an upper story meant to be used as a club. One of his original renderings of the building is on the wall. In 1982, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, one of three firehouses in the city to be so recognized (the other two are the Lady Washington Hose Company and the Niagara Engine House).</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the Exempt Firemans Association (Exempts), a fraternal local volunteer firefighters group founded by Booth in 1886, proposed that the building be reused as a firefighting museum and fire safety education center, due to what its members feel is a lack of awareness of the latter among the citys residents. The city said it was willing to discuss the proposal but only after the fire department had fully vacated the building. According to the head of the city firefighters union, the building is in serious disrepair and will require substantial renovations. The head of the Exempts says his group has the manpower to do the job and could apply for state and federal grants.</p><br>
<p>Holy Mount, 1,968 ft, is a prominent peak in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts, formerly used as the location of religious ceremonies by a nearby Shaker community.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located in Pittsfield State Forest and is traversed by the 5 mi loop Shaker Trail which begins at the historic Hancock Shaker Village. The mountain is wooded with northern hardwood tree species. In addition to the main summit, the mountain has two other peaks, a western spur called Mount Lebanon 1,750 ft and an unnamed northern peak 1,920 ft.</p><br>
<p>Most of Holy Mount is located within Hancock, Massachusetts, but the lower western slopes are within the town of New Lebanon, New York. The Taconic ridgeline continues north from Holy Mount as Doll Mountain, south as an unnamed mountain, and to the east as Shaker Mountain. It is bordered by The Knob to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley. The west side of the mountain drains into Wyomanock Creek, then into Kinderhook Creek, thence into the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Shaker Brook, thence to the Housatonic River and Long Island Sound. Twin Ponds and Cranberry Pond, two highland water bodies, located on the southwest shoulder of the mountain and are visited by the Taconic Skyline Trail and Taconic Crest Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>Potter Mountain is a prominent ridgeline located in the Taconic Mountains of western Massachusetts. It has several peaks; the most notable are the southern Jiminy Peak, 2,392 ft, which bears the name of the ski area located on its slopes, and Widow White&#39;s Peak, 2,430 ft, the ridge high point.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is located in the towns of Hancock and Lanesborough. It was formerly traversed by the Taconic Skyline Trail which no longer officially crosses the ridge. Potter Mountain offers expansive viewpoints from several clearings, particularly where the ski area meets the ridge on the southwest side of the mountain. Potter Mountain is sometimes confused with the northern peak of Poppy Mountain to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Taconic Range ridgeline continues north from Potter Mountain as Brodie Mountain and south as Poppy Mountain. It is bordered to the west across the Wyomanock Creek valley by Rounds Mountain. The west side of the mountain drains into Kinderhook Creek, the Hudson River and Long Island Sound. The east side drains into Secum Brook, thence Pontoosuc Lake, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<p>The Edmund Ruffin Plantation, also known as Marlbourne, is a USA National Historic Landmark in Hanover County, Virginia, 11 mi northeast of Richmond.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1840, the plantation was purchased in 1843 by Edmund Ruffin, a Virginia planter and a pioneer in agricultural improvements; he also published an agricultural journal in the 1840s named the Farmer&#39;s Register. One of a group of intellectuals they called "the sacred circle", he worked to reform agriculture in the South, promoting crop rotation and soil conservation; he is considered to have been "the father of soil science" in the United States. Ruffin experimented with agricultural methods and mixed marl, defined as "a friable earthy deposit consisting of clay and calcium carbonate, used esp. as a fertilizer for soils deficient in lime" to add to soils.</p><br>
<p>He and his friends: James Henry Hammond, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, George Frederick Holmes, and William Gilmore Simms, were pro-slavery and promoted a moral reform of the South. They published numerous articles in literary and short-lived magazines, promoting a stewardship role for masters to improve conditions under slavery.</p><br>
<p>Later Ruffin gained more attention as one of a number of secessionist fire-eaters; he traveled to South Carolina and is credited with firing one of the first shots at Fort Sumter in 1861. Despondent after General Lee&#39;s surrender in 1865, he left a note proclaiming his "unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule—to all political, social and business connections with Yankees, & to the perfidious, malignant, & vile Yankee race" and committed suicide at Redmoor in Amelia County. He is buried on the grounds of Marlbourne.</p><br>
<p>His Marlbourne plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Wilson Gap, originally known as Gregory&#39;s Gap, is a wind gap in the Blue Ridge Mountain, located on the border of Loudoun County, Virginia and Jefferson County, West Virginia. The Appalachian Trail crosses the gap.</p><br>
<p>The 1,444 ft gap once served as a thoroughfare between Round Hill, the former terminus of the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad in western Loudoun, and the resort communities of Shannondale and Mountain Mission in Jefferson County via the Wilson Gap Road.</p><br>
<p>The resorts fell victim to the Great Depression and the upper reaches of Wilson Gap Road became impassable to vehicular traffic by the outbreak of World War II. Though no longer maintained as a public road, the old road bed can still be found by the discerning hiker.</p><br>
<p>Growdon Mansion, also known as Trevose Manor, is a local historical landmark in Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania, USA.</p><br>
<p>It played an important role in early Bucks County history. The mansion sits along the Neshaminy Creek in Bensalem, a township that borders the northeast section of Philadelphia, in the northeastern United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Growdon Mansion dates back to the late 17th century, around October 24, 1681, when Cornish father Lawrence Growdon and his son Joseph Growdon, a rich pewterer family from St Merryn, purchased about 5,000 acre from William Penn. In 1683 Joseph Growdon settled on this land and built "The Manor of Bensalem" for their family. Joseph Growdon had a son, Lawrence Growdon, born on March 14, 1693. He then had two daughters, Elizabeth who married Thomas Nickleson of Philadelphia, and Grace Galloway who married Joseph Galloway. Grace and Joseph Galloway inherited the land on October 18, 1753, and inherited three tracts of land, Trevose, Belmont (Bensalem, Pennsylvania), and Richelieu in Bensalem township containing a total of 1,425 acres and four tracts in Durham Township containing iron mines and furnaces. The Growdons also acquired property in Bristol (as Lawrence Growdon was named the Merchant of Bristol in 1730) and Philadelphia from Front St to 4th St, down to Lombard St in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Since women could not own property during that time, Joseph Galloway became the sole proprietor. Joseph took their daughter Elizabeth with him. Grace Growdon Galloway extensively fought to keep and maintain the rights to the properties in which she inherited. Grace kept an in-depth diary about the struggles and hardships that she faced. She was particularly concerned with her descent from financial and social standing both in her husband&#39;s absence and upon being forcibly evacuated from her home in August 1778. She had refused to submit to the condition of acknowledging the Patriot rule and renounce her Loyalist ties to receive a pension. Once a part of the wealthiest and most notable families of the day, her reputation was ruined by her marriage to Galloway. She noted in her will that those properties should be passed on to her daughter, Elizabeth (Betsey), upon her death. Grace Growdon died on February 6, 1782, and Joseph Galloway died on August 29, 1803. Their daughter Elizabeth then had inherited the land and sold it in 1848, when the house again underwent major changes.</p><br>
<p>Galloway was good friends with William Franklin, Benjamin Franklin&#39;s son. Franklin often visited him at his many estates, traveling 25 miles to Trevose from Philadelphia on horseback or by carriage. While a local legend maintains that Franklin performed his famous kite-flying experiment at Growdon Mansion to prove that lightning was the same as static electricity, the broader consensus is that Franklin flew his kite closer to his home in Philadelphia. Other significant historical figures such as George Washington and John Adams have also stayed at the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The Growdon property developed over time and was considered to be one of the strongest and most unusual manors of its day. The home is now operated as a museum by the Historical Society of Bensalem Township. It includes an outbuilding called "The Vault" where the early deeds and county records used to be stored, and the main house still has bullet holes from the Revolution pockmarking its walls.</p><br>
<p>Citico  is a prehistoric and historic Native American site in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. The sites namesake Cherokee village was the largest of the Overhill towns, housing an estimated population of 1,000 by the mid-18th century. The Mississippian village that preceded the sites Cherokee occupation is believed to have been the village of "Satapo" visited by the Juan Pardo expedition in 1567.</p><br>
<p>The Citico site is now submerged by the Tellico Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River, created by the completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the river in 1979. The modern community of Citico Beach has developed along the shoreline above the ancient site. The lake is managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>Tellico Lake covers the lower 33 mi of the Little Tennessee River, which flows down from the mountains to the south and traverses parts of Blount, Monroe, and Loudon counties before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. The Citico site was situated along the southwest bank of the river immediately below the rivers confluence with Citico Creek, which empties into the river approximately 31 mi upstream from the rivers mouth. Citico is located in an area where the Great Smoky Mountains and the Unicoi Mountains give way to the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Province.</p><br>
<p>Citico Beach is located along Highway 455 approximately 14 mi south of Vonore. The Citico site is also visible from the Harrison Branch boat ramp, which is located just off USA Route 129 2 mi south of Pumpkin Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Satapo</h3><br>
<p>On October 16, 1567, an expedition led by Spanish explorer Juan Pardo arrived at a village known as "Satapo" while en route to Coosa, a powerful chiefdom centered in modern northern Georgia. Research conducted by anthropologist Charles Hudson in the 1980s suggests that Satapo was situated at the Citico site in Monroe County, and that the two names are linguistically related. According to Hudson, the Pardo expedition left Olamico (on Zimmerman&#39;s Island, now submerged by Douglas Lake) on October 13, and traveled southwest across the Foothills of the Great Smokies, crossing Little River at modern-day Walland and traversing Happy Valley to arrive at "Chalahume" (Chilhowee) in the Little Tennessee Valley on October 15. After the expedition made its way to Satapo the following day, a friendly native warned Pardo of a plot against him, and the expedition returned to Olamico shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Hudson speculates that when the Cherokee replaced Satapos Muskogeean-speaking Mississippian inhabitants, the Cherokee kept the sites name. However, as the Cherokee language lacks bilabial stops, the "p" sound in "Satapo" was replaced with a "k" sound, giving the site its Cherokee name.</p><br>
<h3>The Cherokee period</h3><br>
<p>The Cherokee believed that a cliff overlooking Citico was once home the "Tlanuwas"— two giant hawks that terrorized people in the valley until a high priest managed to rob their nest and drop their eggs in the water below, where they were devoured by the Uktena. A Cherokee village thrived at Citico when English explorers and traders began entering the Tennessee Valley in large numbers in the early 18th century. Citicos "head man" was among the chiefs who met with Colonel George Chicken at Tanasi in 1725 to form an alliance against the hostile Creeks. Citico appears on George Hunters 1730 map of the Cherokee region, and is mentioned by Alexander Cuming that same year as being one of the Overhill towns headed by a "prince" (i.e., not headed by a "king," and thus not a "mother town").</p><br>
<p>Captain Henry Timberlake, who visited the Overhill towns on a peace mission (the Timberlake Expedition) in 1761–1762, reported 204 warriors at Citico, the most of any Overhill town. Cheulah, the head man of Citico, greeted Timberlake with a ceremonial dance involving 400 townspeople and presented Timberlake with a string of beads. At a pipe-smoking ceremony held afterward at the Citico townhouse, Timberlake recalled smoking so many peace pipes that he "could not stir for several hours."</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>The Overhill Cherokee consistently found themselves at odds with encroaching Euro-American settlers. After the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British in the American Revolution, the colonies dispatched a force under Colonel William Christian to subdue the Overhill towns in 1776. When Chief Dragging Canoe refused to settle for peace, Christian burned five Overhill towns, including Citico. The town burned had already been deserted because its entire population had chosen to follow Dragging Canoes move to the southwest, where they re-established themselves at the mouth of a small creek in a town of the same name in what is now East Chattanooga. Historian J. G. M. Ramsey reported a conference between militia commander John Sevier and Cherokee Chief Hanging Maw held at the original Citico in 1782 in which the two sides agreed to a truce. Ramsey goes on to relate a violent encounter two years later between Major James Hubbard and Untoola— a Cherokee "head man" known as the "Gun Rod of Citico"— that left Untoola dead and led to a warrant being issued for Hubbards arrest.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1780s, a group of scouts led by Captain John Fain (son of Nicholas Fain), was collecting (or stealing) apples at the former site of Citico when they were ambushed by a band of Cherokees. 16 of Fains men were killed and 4 were wounded. A militia force led by Captain Nathaniel Evans arrived shortly thereafter to find several scalped and disemboweled bodies. Evans eventually linked up with Seviers larger force, and the combined force set out in pursuit of the hostile Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>Regarding the new settlement, it was largely abandoned after the move by the Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee to the Fiver Lower Towns area still further to the west and southwest in 1782, but reoccupied after the close of the Cherokee–American wars (1776-1794). The town, always small and uninfluential (unlike its Mississippian predecessor on the site), survived until the time of the Cherokee removal in 1838, after which its outskirt on the west became the town of Ross&#39; Landing, later renamed Chattanooga.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>While Paleo-Indian fluted points and Archaic period (8000–1000 BCE) artifacts were uncovered at Citico and a substantial Woodland period (1000 BCE–1000 CE) site was located at nearby Harrison Branch, Citico probably did not rise to prominence until the 16th century. Around this time, Citico is believed to have superseded Toqua as the dominant Dallas Phase (ca. 1300–1550 CE) Mississippian village in the Little Tennessee Valley.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, a mound survey conducted by the Smithsonian Institution reported eight mounds— one "temple" mound and seven smaller mounds— at the Citico site. The temple mound contained at least 91 burials. A brief excavation carried out by the Knoxville Chapter of the Tennessee Archaeological Society uncovered several Woodland, Mississippian, and Cherokee artifacts, including shell gorgets and knife blades. The chapter also reported a Cherokee burial accompanied by a musket, knife, steatite pipe, and glass beads.</p><br>
<p>In anticipation of the flooding of the site by Tellico Lake, University of Tennessee researchers conducted excavations at Citico in the late 1960s and late 1970s. Excavators uncovered the posthole patterns of 11 domestic structures, 55 burials, 119 features, and over 30,000 ceramics. The structures included two rectangular summer house/circular winter house pairings characteristic of Overhill Cherokee dwellings, a small circular structure, a square structure, and five rectangular structures. One of the rectangular structures was associated with the site&#39;s Mississippian occupation, while the other 10 structures dated to the Cherokee period. These excavations also uncovered Spanish materials, including Clarksdale bells, lending further evidence to the theory that Citico was indeed the Satapo visited by the Pardo expedition in 1567. An analysis of faunal remains from the Cherokee period showed a heavy reliance upon deer and bear for meat supplements which gradually gave way to a reliance upon domesticated animals, such as hogs and chickens, due to increased adoption of Euro-American agricultural methods.</p><br>
<p>The Bellefonte Forge House, also known as the John Dunlop House, is located just south of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, in Spring Township, Centre County. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its connection with prominent figures in the iron industry of the early 19th century and because of its domestic architecture influenced by the Federal style.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1803 by an ironmaster, John Dunlop, who lived there with his wife and four daughters until he was killed in an iron mine collapse in October 1814. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Made of limestone, this -story house was constructed in the vernacular form of the Federal or Georgian style with ten and a half foot ceiling heights. It originally had nine fireplaces, but two were removed to make a modern kitchen in the 1930s. It is thought that a John G. Lowry was the architect, as he was the only registered architect in the area at that time and was also in the employment of his cousin, John Dunlop. Building receipts for the finish carpenter, John Patterson, can still be found in the Centre County Library and Historical Museum in Bellefonte.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the Iron Industry</h2><br>
<p>In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Bellefonte became the center of a large iron industry. John Dunlop was one of the most energetic and prosperous of those that went into that business, building Harmony Forge (1795), Belle Font Forge (1797), Logan Furnace (1797), and Washington Forge (1810). It was his father, Lt. Col. James Dunlop, and his brother-in-law, James Dunlop Harris (1797-1842) one time, Principal engineer of the Pennsylvania Main Line of Public works, who actually laid out the town, now a Borough, of Bellefonte from land that John Dunlop owned.</p><br>
<h2>After John Dunlop's death</h2><br>
<p>After John Dunlop&#39;s death, his iron business was rented, then bought by ironmasters in the Valentine family 1815–1879. This home represents the wealth of those ironmasters as the Valentines added the Victorian porches in the 1860s.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Bellefonte Forge House was continuously used until 1994, when it became vacant and was damaged by vandals and animals. However, after 2001 it was restored to its past condition by Michael C. Immel.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Bellefonte Forge House still overlooks the water of Logan&#39;s Branch where John Dunlop started his Belle Font Forge in 1797.</p><br>
<p>Munson Valley Historic District is the headquarters and main support area for Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon. The National Park Service chose Munson Valley for the park headquarters because of its central location within the park. Because of the unique rustic architecture of the Munson Valley buildings and the surrounding park landscape, the area was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1988. The district has eighteen contributing buildings, including the Crater Lake Superintendents Residence which is a USA National Historic Landmark and separately listed on the NRHP. The districts NRHP listing was decreased in area in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Crater Lake lies inside a caldera created 7,700 years ago when the 12,000 ft high Mount Mazama collapsed following a large volcanic eruption. Over the following millennium, the caldera was filled with rain water forming today’s lake. The Klamath Indians revered Crater Lake for its deep blue waters. In 1853, three gold miners found the lake. They named it Deep Blue Lake, but because the lake was so high in the Cascade Mountains the discovery was soon forgotten.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, William Gladstone Steel accompanied a United States Geological Survey party led by Captain Clarence Dutton to survey Crater Lake. The team carried a half-ton survey boat, the Cleetwood, up the steep mountain slope and lowered it 2,000 ft into the lake. During the visit, Steel named many of the lake&#39;s landmarks including Wizard Island, Llao Rock, and Skell Head. The lake’s natural beauty made a great impression on Steel. As a result, when he returned from survey trip, he began advocating that Crater Lake be established as a national park.</p><br>
<p>On 22 May 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill making Crater Lake the Nation&#39;s sixth national park. The United States Department of the Interior was charged with developing road access and visitor services for the park. This was a difficult job because of the park’s remote location at the summit of the Cascade Mountains. By 1905, a "steep and tortuous" road to the crater rim had been completed. This access road was essential for the future development of the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, Congress appropriated funds for the Army Corps of Engineers to build a road around Crater Lake. The initial road survey identified the northern end of Munson Valley, 3 mi south of the rim, as the best site for the road crew’s seasonal headquarters and supply depot. Not only was Munson Valley a central location, the surrounding valley provided timber for expanding the park facilities. However, United States entry into World War I slowed development of park infrastructure. The road around the lake was finally finished 1918. Once the road was completed, the National Park Service continued to use the Munson Valley site as a staging area for development projects throughout the park.</p><br>
<h2>Government Camp</h2><br>
<p>By 1924, the Munson Valley facilities were known as "Government Camp" and the site had become the park’s summer headquarters. Though the site had adequate space, the facilities were poorly designed and cheaply constructed. In 1925, National Park Service approved a master plan for developing Munson Valley. The development program began in 1927, and was overseen by the National Park Service’s Landscape Engineering Division, headed by Thomas C. Vint. The major components of the plan included construction of new administrative buildings, a new maintenance area, living quarters for park staff and seasonal employees, and general support buildings.</p><br>
<p>Between 1927 and 1930, a park warehouse, mess hall, bear-proof meat-house, comfort station with employee restrooms and showers, four small cottages, and two utility buildings were built. All these structures were designed in a common rustic style using timber from nearby stands and locally quarried stone.</p><br>
<p>Development in Crater Lake National Park was curtailed during World War II. Maintenance became the primary concern of the park staff, as Civilian Conservation Corps manpower disappeared with the onset of the war. This began a period of decline in park facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Park Headquarters</h2><br>
<p>Legend</p><br>
<p>1. Administration building</p><br>
<p>2. Ranger dormitory</p><br>
<p>3. Mess hall</p><br>
<p>4. Warehouse</p><br>
<p>5. Machine shop</p><br>
<p>8. Oil and gas house</p><br>
<p>13. Meat house</p><br>
<p>19. Superintendent&#39;s residence</p><br>
<p>20. Naturalist&#39;s residence</p><br>
<p>24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32. Residences</p><br>
<p>33. Stone shed/garage</p><br>
<p>34. Hospital</p><br>
<p>36. Transformer building</p><br>
<p>37. Comfort station</p><br>
<p>Munson Valley Historic District has 18 buildings.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the National Park Service began using the Munson Valley complex year-around. This had a tremendous impact on the historic landscape. Many landscape features including curbing, planting beds, and walkways had to be removed in order to widen narrow road to accommodate snow plows. Some porches had to be removed and snow tunnels were added to buildings for winter access. In 1954, all of the planters, lawns, and walks around the employee cottages were removed to facilitate snow removal. The traffic island near the upper group of cottages was also removed along with several utility buildings in the maintenance area to allow space for snow plows to turn around.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, there were other changes as well. The Fire Hall was demolished in 1969. In 1986, the ranger dormitory and the administration building were remodeled. A new snow tunnel was added to the west side of the administration building replacing the south entrance tunnel built in 1958. In 1990, several rustic utility buildings were torn down, and a gas station was removed in 1992. Despite the loss of landscape and original structures, the headquarters complex still reflects the original Munson Valley master plan and is a good example of the National Park Service rustic architecture. The historic area was at first 7.5 acre but was later reduced to 6 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are eighteen primary structures in the Munson Valley Historic District. While most of the buildings have been remodeled, they still reflect the rustic style of architecture which is the common design theme that makes the Munson Valley headquarters complex historically unique.</p><br>
<p>Munson Valley Historic District extends south from the Superintendents Residence and ends at the park warehouse at the north end of the maintenance area. The eighteen historic structures were built between 1926 and 1949. They include the, from north to south, the Superintendents Residence, the park Naturalist&#39;s Residence, a cluster of staff residence cabins, the Administration Building, Ranger Dormitory, Transformer Building, Comfort Station, Mess Hall, Warehouse, and Machine Shop.</p><br>
<p>The park Superintendents Residence is located at north end of headquarters area. It was constructed in 1933. The building’s footprint is 33 by with a rustic stone superstructure and wood-shake roof. The first floor includes an entry hall, living room with lava-rock fireplace, a dining room, kitchen, and bedroom with adjoining bathroom. The second floor has four additional bedrooms and two bathrooms. The building was framed in Douglas fir and the roof covered with cedar shakes. The Crater Lake Superintendents Residence is a USA National Historic Landmark and is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP #87001347).</p><br>
<p>The park Naturalists Residence is located between the Superintendents Residence and the other employee houses near the north end of the historic district. The building’s footprint is the same as the Superintendent&#39;s Residence; however, the floor plan is slightly different. This first floor contained a living room with stone fireplace, a kitchen, breakfast room, bedroom, and bathroom. There are three additional bedrooms and a bath room upstairs. Today, the building houses part of the park’s Science and Learning Center.</p><br>
<p>The historic district also includes six rustic stone Employee Cottages built for park staff between 1927 and 1931. These housing units are designated as buildings #24, 25, 28, 30, 31, and 32. They are architecturally significant because they were part of the original Munson Valley headquarters master plan, and were constructed in the rustic style using native stone and timber. While aluminum roofs were added in the mid-1950s, these units still retain their original character.</p><br>
<p>The park Administration Building was built with a rough stone first story with rustic superstructure. It is 100 ft long and 40 ft wide. The main entrance led into a public lobby with a large fireplace and wood-paneled walls. Offices for the superintendent, assistant superintendent, comptroller, and information department were also on the first floor along with a large 42 by room for the park’s clerical staff. The second floor has six additional offices and two storage rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Ranger Dormitory was begun in 1932, but was not finished until 1936 due to lack of funds. It is constructed of native stone and timber. Originally, the first floor had an entry hall, men’s and women’s bathrooms, and two living rooms, each with its own stone fireplace. The larger living room, located in the north end of the building, was for men. A smaller living room plus three other rooms and a shower at the south end of the building were for women. The second floor had four bedrooms, a large 18 by 34 ft × 10.4 m) dormitory room, a dark room, storage room, and men’s shower. There is also a basement under the central portion of the building.</p><br>
<p>The historic district also includes various utility buildings including a mess hall, meat house, transformer building, comfort station (later converted to a sign shop), warehouse, and machine shop. These buildings all share common structural design elements that typify the park’s rustic style of architecture including massive stone masonry, rough-sawn board siding, stained timber beams, dormer windows, and steep pitched roofs.</p><br>
<p>At Munson Valley, rustic structures successfully blend with the natural environment. The buildings in the historic district are excellent examples of the rustic style of architecture, and represent one of the National Park Service&#39;s most successful development programs. In addition, the landscape surrounding the historic district remains virtually intact. As a result, the Munson Valley Historic District is significant as an expression of American naturalistic design.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Hamasa Shrine Temple Theater, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, is a historic theater located at 2320 8th Street in Meridian, Mississippi. The Temple Theater was constructed in the Moorish Revival style and began screening silent films in 1928. The theater features a Byzantine motif, a swirl of marble fountains, and large bronze chandeliers. At the time of its construction, the theater contained one of the largest stages in the United States, second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City. The theater houses one of only two Robert Morton theatre organs still installed in their original locations in the State of Mississippi – the other being installed at the Saenger Theater in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. Both organs are under the care and restoration efforts of the Magnolia Chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society .</p><br>
<p>The Temple, originally used for vaudeville and movies, is now used year-round for area events, live stage shows, plays, and concerts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hamasa Shrine organization in Meridian had outgrown their building across town by the early 1920s and sought to relocate. The Shriners hired architect Emile Weil to design the building and construction began in 1923. After the Grand Ballroom was completed in 1924, the Shriners moved in and began holding meetings while the rest of the building was being built around them. The theater part of the building was completed a few months later, but for the first few months of operation only occasional travelling shows performed at the Temple. It wasn&#39;t until 1927 when the Shriners leased the Temple Theater to the Saenger corporation in New Orleans that the Temple was modified into a movie house that the venue became very popular.</p><br>
<p>After several modifications – including the addition of a 3 manual 8 rank Robert Morton theatre organ – the Temple Theater was finally completed in 1928. At the time of its construction, the theater contained one of the largest stages in the United States, second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City. Saenger&#39;s lease was renewed in 1952 for an additional 20 years, ending in 1972. With seating for 1800 persons, the silent movie era was a prosperous time for the Temple. Even after the silent movie era ended, the Temple provided entertainment to guests. Some of the artists that have performed at the Temple include George Strait, Alabama, Ronnie Milsap, Bill Monroe, Willie Nelson, The Oak Ridge Boys, Randy Travis, Roy Clark, Waylon Jennings, Elvis Presley, and many other big names.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, after the Saengers lease had expired, the Hamasa Shrine began restoration efforts ranging from repairing plaster damage and repainting walls to reupholstering seats and replacing carpets. The Temple remained true to its original design with one exception: the lobbys terrazzo floor, inlaid with small brass stars, swastikas, and crescents, was edited during World War II. The swastikas, simply design elements when the theater was constructed, were removed.</p><br>
<p>In February 2009, a businessman from Dallas, Texas, named Roger Smith bought the Temple and promised to restore the Temple and continue year-round programming. Though many movie houses across the nation have been demolished, the Temple has remained in constant use. Today the Temple is used year-round for area events, live stage shows, plays, concerts, Hamasa Shrine functions, and public screenings of classic movies. It is a part of the Imperial Shrine Council, which consists of 191 Temples throughout North America.</p><br>
<h2>Acoustics</h2><br>
<p>The design of the auditorium embodies curved and unbroken surfaces to insure quality acoustics, and a resonance chamber was built as a floor to the orchestra pit, increasing and enriching the tone of the instruments. In spite of the size of the room and relatively large number of the audience, some shows, such as both of Tony Bennett&#39;s appearances at the theatre, are able to be performed entirely without microphones.</p><br>
<p>The theater contains a Robert Morton theatre organ – one of only two of the same type still installed in its original location in the state. A white and gold console provides three 61 note manuals and 32 pedals to play 608 pipes arranged in eight ranks. The pipes are contained in two chambers – one located either side of the stage. Each chamber contains four ranks of pipes and various percussion instruments ranging from bass and snare drums to xylophone, orchestral bells, and 12 special effects, known collectively as the "toy counter". These are special sound effects such as train whistle, car horn, and duck calls, which were meant to accompany silent films. This Robert Morton Console provides 120 stops to select the various voices and blends available, with 48 "pistons" allowing a pre-defined selection of stops to be instantly recalled. The organ sustained damage during rain leakage, but is now fully restored due to the efforts of the Magnolia Chapter of the American Theatre Organ Society.</p><br>
<p>The Scranton Cultural Center at the Masonic Temple  is a theatre and cultural center in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Cultural Centers mission statement is "to rejuvenate a national architectural structure as a regional center for arts, education and community activities appealing to all ages." The Cultural Center hosts national Broadway tours; professional and local musical and dramatic theatre offerings; local, regional and national orchestral and popular music, dance and opera; comedians, lecturers, art exhibits, a childrens and performing arts academy and various classes as well as fundraiser galas and special events including proms, luncheons, private parties and is a popular wedding ceremony and reception venue. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect Raymond Hood designed the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral, which houses the Scranton Cultural Center, the current operating organization for the building. The Masonic Temple is designed in a combination of Gothic Revival architecture and Romanesque Revival—Richardsonian Romanesque with contemporary Art Deco influences. The building was completed in 1930. The temple was designed with a dual nature; it was built to house the Scottish Rite Cathedral and a Masonic lodge while housing spaces (primarily the theater and ballroom) that were intended for public use. The design of the building is a tribute to Freemasonry.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Temple houses: The Harry and Jeannette Weinberg Theatre which seats 1,866 for concerts, lectures, national Broadway tours, dance and other entertainment; the Governor Robert P. Casey Library; the Raymond Hood Room (renovated from the original bowling alley); a Junior Ballroom, utilized both as event space and for the Children&#39;s and Performing Arts Academy summer and after school programs; a Grand Ballroom which can hold 2,400 for standing room performances and is host to elegant weddings, community fundraisers and galas -it was designed to seat 1,000 for dinner and was the largest ballroom in the region at the time; a "Ladies Parlor" overlooking the Grand Ballroom; Shopland Hall (originally Norman Hall), a 500-seat theatre and lodge hall located on the 4th floor, Craftsmen Hall (originally the gaming and billiard room) on the 3rd Floor as well as Snyder and Gazda Hall (originally Tuscan and Flemish Halls - named for their decor) which serve as the primary Lodge rooms for the Masonic Fraternity. Both the Weinberg Theatre and Shopland Hall are equipped with Austin Organs (numbers 1713 and 1712 respectively). Most of the facility is open for public usage and rental through the year. Visitors to Scranton can visit the Temple and take a tour that highlights the architecture of the building as well as its present-day uses.</p><br>
<h2>Performances</h2><br>
<p>The Cultural Center features a wide variety of entertainments and programs. It has hosted performances by contemporary musical artists, including Alice Cooper, Jason Mraz, Dave Matthews, N Sync, Breaking Benjamin, Backstreet Boys, and Maroon 5. Performances from Jackson Browne, Lewis Black, Jeff Dunham, Shinedown, George Carlin, and The Amazing Kreskin have entertained in recent years, the venue has played host to the regional Orchestra and many others. The has produced an annual season of national Broadway tours for over 50 years at the venue, including "Rent," "Mamma Mia!," "Les Miserables," "Jersey Boys," and "The Book of Mormon." In December 2014, the Scranton Cultural Center premiered the fully realized stage version of the musical comedy, Harry Connick Jr.&#39;s "The Happy Elf."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral was begun in 1927 on the site of two former mansions. Construction of the building took three years with the Temple inauguration taking place on January 2, 1930 when the first meeting was held in the building; it was formally dedicated in May 1930. The rectangular plan building is clad in coursed ashlars of Indiana limestone supported by the structural steel framework. At approximately 188,000 ft&sup2, the building houses two theaters, public and masonic meeting rooms and event spaces, a grand ballroom, as well as numerous other offices, rooms and areas. There are ten levels of the building, five of which can be accessed by elevator. The remaining five levels include a storage and dressing room floor, penthouse for elevator equipment and storage, a small light room in the northwest corner of the main core, and a two-level sub-basement sixty feet below the basement floor.</p><br>
<h2>Masonic symbols</h2><br>
<p>Symbols of Masonry can be found throughout the Masonic Temple and Scottish Rite Cathedral, although it may not be apparent to those unfamiliar with the Craft. Shopland Hall, the small theater on the fourth floor, contains many Masonic symbols. An image of the Crusade is depicted above the stage, as well as shield motifs. These are important symbols to the Masonic Fraternity. Two-headed eagles are depicted on the ceiling of the theater. Frederick of Prussia introduced the symbol of the two headed eagle when the Scottish Rite was in its formative stages. The two-headed eagle, along with other symbols of various branches as well as the four cardinal virtues are engraved on the exterior of the building. The Robert P. Casey Library features the quintessential symbol of the Freemasons, a shovel, a pick, and a crowbar, in a glass case. Not only are these three items symbols of Masonry, but they were also used in the ceremonial groundbreaking and the accompanying ceremonial trowel was used in the laying of the cornerstone during the construction of the Masonic Temple. Also in the Casey Library is a grandfather clock that features many Masonic Symbols carved into the wood, including the shovel, pick, and crowbar motif, as well as the symbol of the square and the compass with letter “G” in the center.</p><br>
<h2>Future</h2><br>
<p>The Scranton Cultural Center began a multimillion-dollar restoration project in the mid-1990s. Electrical services were updated and air conditioning was installed for the theatre, grand ballroom, main lobby and lower level. Expanded and ADA compliant restrooms were added and the new Raymond Hood Room were installed in the former bowling lanes space. The ballrooms ornate walls and ceilings were also restored. In 2014, the Junior Ballroom was updated to provide space for the newly begun Childrens and Performing Arts Academy classes and summer camp sessions, including improvements for mobility access. In the spring of 2015, Air Conditioning was added to Shopland Hall and the third floor lodge rooms. Roof and masonry repairs, further HVAC upgrades and expansion, plumbing upgrades, as well as updates and restoration to the Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Theatre, main organ, and stage house and mechanics are slated for the coming years.</p><br>
<p>Peace College Main Building is the focal point of the Peace College campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. Built between 1859 and 1862, Main Building is located at the northern end of Wilmington Street in downtown Raleigh and is considered one of the largest antebellum buildings surviving in the city. During its early history, Main Building was used as a military hospital and offices for the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau. The building now contains offices, parlors, banquet rooms, and dormitory residences. Main Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is a designated Raleigh Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the Civil War, women in North Carolina were not allowed to receive higher education at most colleges. The only exceptions were Salem College, Louisburg College, Greensboro College, and New Garden, an institution operated by Quakers. In 1847, Presbyterians in Raleigh passed a church resolution to provide an educational institution specifically for women. The resolution stated, "Be it resolved that the Reverend William N. Mebane and Elder Alfred M. Scales respectfully bring to the notice of the Orange Presbytery meeting in Raleigh the importance of establishing a female institution of learning to be under the direction of Orange Presbytery."</p><br>
<p>William Peace, one of the founders of the University of North Carolina, was an elder in the First Presbyterian Church of Raleigh. Peace donated land and $10,000 (one-third of the total cost of Main Building) for the construction of the new school. Peace Institute of Raleigh was incorporated on October 1, 1858.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the building began in 1859, but when North Carolina seceded from the Union in 1861, the building was still incomplete. Thomas Hill, a surgeon for the Confederate States of America, was sent to Raleigh to open a hospital for wounded Confederate soldiers. Hill wrote:</p><br>
<p>"It was at first proposed to take the St. Mary’s School with buildings, but on consultation with friends this idea was abandoned; and it was pointed out that the Peace Institute, then in an incompleted condition, could be had-and would be more suitable and cause less dissatisfaction. I visited the place and found a large brick framework,-the roof on,-but no floors and</p><br>
<p>windows,-, General Holmes’ orders were to hurry up matters and, if necessary, to impress every able-bodied man in Raleigh and put.him to work-and get the building ready. Major Pierce called in the contractor, Mr. Briggs, and he promised to put hands enough to work to get the Hospital ready in a month.... In the meantime... the floors were put down and frames made for the windows – no glass could be found – so the frames were covered with white domestic and painted to keep out the cold.... As well as I can recollect... the first patients were received on the 6th of June, 1862."</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War ended in 1865, Main Building was used as the district headquarters of the Freedman&#39;s Bureau Agency. In 1869 the Bureau moved to another location, and Main Building went through an extensive renovation.</p><br>
<p>Because of the economic hardships experienced by many Southerners after the War, the trustees of Peace Institute were unable to repay the loans for the building project. A local businessman, R. S. Pullen, assisted with repaying these loans. A joint-stock company led by local Presbyterians funded the curriculum of "three courses of instruction: Primary, Preparatory and Collegiate." With this funding, classes officially began at Main Building in 1872.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Peace became the first accredited junior college in the South, and eventually the primary and preparatory programs were discontinued at Main Building. In 1995, Peace&#39;s curriculum was changed to baccalaureate status.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Main Building is an example of Greek Revival architecture and is accented with Italianate designs. The facade of the four-story building contains a central portico supported by four Doric columns. Balusters are located between these columns on the three upper levels.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of three wings. The first and second floors of Main Building are occupied by faculty and administrative offices. The third and fourth floors are used as dormitory rooms by approximately 50 students. The West Wing contains the Williams Board Room, the Blue Parlor, offices, and the James Dinwiddie Chapel. The East Wing contains Career Services, Academic Advising, Adventures Program, Educational Support Services, and the Leggett Theater complex.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings that have been constructed on the college campus are similar in architectural style to the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>Winnie Davis Hall, built in 1904, is an historic redbrick college building on the campus of Limestone College in Gaffney, South Carolina. It was designed by Darlington native William Augustus Edwards, who designed academic buildings at 12 institutions of higher learning as well as 13 courthouses and numerous other buildings in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It was named for Varina "Winnie" Anne Davis, the daughter of Jefferson Davis and was built to serve as a repository for American Civil War papers as a center for the study of Southern history. On April 29, 1977, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is part of the Limestone Springs Historic District and is also known as the Winnie Davis Hall of History.</p><br>
<p>The Variable Density Tunnel was a wind tunnel at NASAs Langley Research Center. It is a National Historic Landmark. It was the worlds first variable density wind tunnel that allowed accurate testing with small-scale models. It was actively used as a wind tunnel from the early 1920s until the 1940s, and is now on display on the Langley grounds, near the Reid Conference Center.</p><br>
<h2>Technical purpose</h2><br>
<p>Accurate wind tunnel testing requires matching the Reynolds number of the model with that of the actual aircraft. The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertia forces to the viscous forces in the flow. It is computed as the product of the air density, ρ, the speed of the air relative to the aircraft, V, and the characteristic length scale, L, divided by the viscosity of air, μ. For an airfoil, the characteristic length is usually the chord length. If a full-scale airfoil is to be simulated in a wind tunnel by a small-scale model, the Reynolds number can only be matched by increasing the velocity or its density or by decreasing its viscosity. If air is used in the wind tunnel with a small-scale model, either the speed or the density of the air must be increased.</p><br>
<h2>Service history</h2><br>
<p>When National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics started to build a modern wind tunnel, they got Max Munk, who had studied at University of Göttingen, to design a wind tunnel using air under pressure. A large, welded-steel tank was designed with a working pressure up to 21 atmospheres. The tank was constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia. The tank was 34.5 ft long and 15 ft in diameter. The tank&#39;s wall was 2+1/8 in thick. The tank required 85 tons (77.3 tonnes) of steel. The test section was 5 ft in diameter to match an existing NACA Wind Tunnel No. 1, which was an open-circuit tunnel operating at atmospheric pressure. The variable-density wind tunnel had a closed-circuit design with an annular return flow to minimize the volume of the tank. A fan powered by a 250-hp motor could produce an air speed up to 50 mph.</p><br>
<p>The tank was partially destroyed by a fire in 1927, but was rebuilt and resumed operation in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel was used for over 20 years, up to the 1940s. It produced the data for 78 classical airfoil shapes that were published in 1933 in "The Characteristics of 78 Related Airfoil Sections from Tests in the Variable-Density Wind Tunnel," NACA Technical Report 460. These data formed the basis for many World War II airfoil designs.</p><br>
<h2>Later uses</h2><br>
<p>The tunnel was judged to be functionally obsolete by the late 1940s. It was repurposed for use as a pressure tank in the other wind tunnels at Langley, a role it served until 1978, when it was deemed no longer safe to use and the tank was taken out of service. The building in which it was originally located was demolished in 2014; the tank is now on display on the Langley grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington Headquarters Building, also called Burlington Place, is located at 1004 Farnam Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. This four-story brick building was originally designed by Alfred R. Dufrene and built in 1879 next to Jobbers Canyon. It was redesigned by noted Omaha architect Thomas R. Kimball in 1899, and vacated by the railroad in 1966. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, designated an Omaha Landmark in 1978, and rehabilitated in 1983. Today it is office space.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed for the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad at a cost of $40,000. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad took ownership when it took over that company. The first floor was leased by a wholesale grocer and a wholesale notion dealer, with upper floors used as headquarters for the railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Italianate style in 1879, the original three-story building was constructed with load-bearing masonry walls on a foundation of limestone blocks. A flat roof, straight front and walls, and very little embellishment originally made this building virtually indistinguishable from its neighbors in the Jobbers Canyon. The structure had fireproof vaults on each floor and each office was finished in oiled southern pine. Several offices included fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The railroad bought the lot west of the building in 1866, and the building expanded westward and upward, adding fourth floor. Unlike those on the lower floors, the new fourth floor had arched windows and a heavy ornamental cornice, making the building more distinguishable than its neighbors.</p><br>
<p>In 1899 Thomas R. Kimball was commissioned to remodel the building. His new plans closely resembled the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company Building in Chicago, Illinois. Gutting the building, he placed a central atrium and an open staircase with galleries overlooking a courtyard. An elevator lined with quartersawn oak resembled much of the building&#39;s new interior, which Kimball also designed. Features include a combination of skylights, cast iron railings, staircases, columns, and ornamental detailing.</p><br>
<p>The railroad occupied the building until 1966, when it sat empty for several years. A 1983 rehabilitation converted the entire building into office space that closely matched original designs. Many of the original elements, including the stairway and balconies, remain. Part of the original cast-iron Farnam Street facade remains; and although the original atrium elevator was replaced, a new elevator occupies the same area as the original.</p><br>
<p>The Gene Leahy Mall wraps around the building today, and is on the outskirts of the Old Market Historic District and is across the street from the Nash Block.</p><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School is a heritage-listed public co–educational primary school at 663 Lutwyche Road, Lutwyche, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1914 to 1934. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School was built in four stages. The first section was constructed in 1914, with additions in 1918, 1925 and 1934. In 1914, it was considered a model school at the forefront of progressive education in Queensland, and this was reflected in the building, grounds, furniture, equipment, facilities, curriculum, and staff. It was a model school for a modern, rapidly expanding suburb.</p><br>
<p>Originally part of Lutwyche, Wooloowin was named after the Wooloowin railway station (on the line to Northgate Junction) which was opened in November 1889. The area had developed a suburban identity in the 1880s, when the larger estates were subdivided, but in the first half of the 20th century, particularly following the extension of the tramline along Lutwyche Road to Kedron in 1913-1914, Wooloowin really boomed as a residential working class suburb.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Wooloowin Progress Association was formed. Its first secretary was Mr William Alfred Jolly, later Mayor of Windsor, and in 1925, first Lord Mayor of Greater Brisbane. It was largely due to the work of the Wooloowin Progress Association, who formed a school building committee in October 1911, that the Wooloowin State School was established. Prior to 1914, Wooloowin children attended the overcrowded state schools at Eagle Junction and Bowen Bridge Road.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Instruction purchased Nolans Paddock, a three acre site on Lutwyche Road, for &pound;1,200, and the design for a new school for this site was prepared in the Government Architects Office of the Department of Public Works in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Barton Brady was employed with the Queensland Government as Government Architect from 1892-1922. Brady claimed that he always advised on arrangement, style and materials, but it appears that his senior assistant, Thomas Pye supervised much of the detailed design. During the 30 years they worked together in the Department, Brady and Pye assembled a talented group of architects and draftsmen who were considered the equal of any in Australia, including from 1893 to 1903 John Smith Murdoch, who was to become Commonwealth Director-General of Works in 1927. From the office of the Government Architect there developed a tradition of fine government buildings, including many post offices, customs houses and court houses throughout the State. The Department of Public Instruction had handled school design and construction between 1879 and 1893, following which responsibility was returned to the Government Architects office. Some of the more significant early 20th century schools designed by the Government Architects office include East Brisbane State School (1899-1900) and Windsor State School (1915-16), the latter, like Wooloowin State School, erected as a model schools.</p><br>
<p>At a cost of &pound;3,901, Wooloowin State School was the sixth most expensive Queensland Public Works contract let during the 1913-1914 financial year, and was intended as a model or "show" school. The foundation stone was laid early in 1914 by the Secretary for Public Instruction, the Hon. James Blair (later Chief Justice), and the school was opened on 15 September 1914 with 266 pupils. It comprised four large classrooms in two single-storeyed brick wings, with 10 feet wide verandahs front and back and head teachers room and staff room attached to the front wing. The new classrooms were furnished with the most modern two-student desks with tip-up seats, providing considerably more elbow room than the old forms and desks, and with large green "blackboards" rather than the old board and easel. The staff for this model school was specially chosen from amongst Queenslands finest state school teachers.</p><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School was constructed at a time of educational experimentation in Queensland. 1914 saw the establishment of the first teacher training college in Brisbane, and a reworking of the curriculum which had been experimented with since 1905. In 1915, a new syllabus was introduced to Brisbane state schools. Continuing the emphasis of the previous decade on correlation of subjects, practical application, self-activity of pupils and character development, the new syllabus now provided for "kindergarten occupations" in infant grades; formally included school gardening in the curriculum - this could become a compulsory subject in schools where the teacher adopted it as a form of nature study; encouraged the extension of manual training and domestic science in primary schools - usually where teaching staff from technical colleges were available; and made needlework compulsory for girls. School inspectors continued to emphasise the importance of formal academic studies, but schools were broadening their outlook on what constituted useful, practical knowledge and character building activities, concentrating on the development of the whole child rather than on rote learning.</p><br>
<p>One aspect of modern progressive education was the encouragement of sports, particularly swimming. In 1908, a number of metropolitan teachers who were keen to encourage swimming amongst school children formed the State Schools Amateur Swimming Association. By 1914, 34 clubs had been formed. These clubs apparently catered only for boys, and in 1911 a State Schools Girls&#39; Amateur Swimming Association was formed, with 28 schools affiliated by 1914. As well as swimming instruction, life-saving was taught in many schools. Keen to promote their school as one of the most modern in the state, the Wooloowin State School building committee financed construction of a swimming pool, 42 feet long, 16 feet wide and 5 feet deep at the deepest end, in 1916. This pool was enlarged to its present size in 1925.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, woodwork and domestic science were added to the school curriculum, although no classrooms appear to have been designated specifically for these subjects. It is understood that Wooloowin was the first primary school to introduce these subjects, as provided for under the new syllabus provisions of 1915.</p><br>
<p>The first addition to the school was constructed in 1918. It was a brick building, with 10ft wide verandahs; roughcast externally and roofed with asbestos slate, which mirrored the 1914 side wing. This brought the number of classrooms to six, and was opened in September 1918. By 1921, school enrolment had grown to over 800, and in 1923 plans were prepared for a second addition, a two-storeyed stuccoed brick building with an asbestos slate roof, containing four classrooms on each floor with hatrooms and a verandah and a balcony on the north side. This building was erected in 1925 at a cost of &pound;6,233, and opened in July that year.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Wooloowin continued to expand as a working class residential suburb. By the early 1930s, population pressure again necessitated additions to the Wooloowin State School, and in 1934 a three-storeyed brick wing was constructed on the northern side of the site. It had a face brick and roughcast exterior, fibro cement slates to match existing buildings, and 10ft wide balconies on each floor. Each of the upper floors had four classrooms, and the lower storey contained purpose-equipped domestic science and manual training rooms. In the 1930s and 1940s, students from Windsor State School, further south along Lutwyche Road, attended woodwork and domestic science classes at Wooloowin State School&#39;s new facilities.</p><br>
<p>The 1934 building was the last of the additions. In the second half of the 20th century, Wooloowin State School enrolments steadily declined as the surrounding area changed demographically toward an older population.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the school had an enrolment of 297 students in classes from Prep to Year 6 with 25 teachers (19 equivalent full-time) and 15 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School&#39;s 1914. 1918 and 1925 buildings form a coherent group of one and two-storeyed classroom blocks linked together by verandahs. The buildings are masonry constructed on brick piers, which form an undercroft play area. Most of the exterior of the buildings are roughcast render. Originally the roof was covered with red asbestos slates, which has been replaced with corrugated iron. Each of the individual pavilions has a separate roof, with ventilators and projecting gabled skylights.</p><br>
<p>The 1934 addition is a three-storeyed masonry building with face brick and roughcast render which complements the earlier blocks. The original red asbestos slate roof has been replaced with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the re-roofing, the exterior of the complex is very intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School is important for its association with progressive, early 20th century education in Queensland, being constructed in 1914 as a "show" suburban primary school, the quality of the building, furnishings, equipment, facilities, curriculum and staff serving as a model for future state schools.</p><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School is evidence of the rapid growth of Wooloowin and adjacent areas which accompanied both the expansion of public transport in the area in the early 20th century, (especially the extension of the tramline to Kedron in 1913-14), and the success of the Workers&#39; Dwelling Scheme (1909) which made home ownership accessible to the working class.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School is significant as an excellent example of a school building designed for the Queensland climate with wide verandahs and a ventilated roof, and follows a tradition of fine buildings erected by the Queensland Public Works Department. The use of brick and restrained detailing is typical for government buildings of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Wooloowin State School is significant also as an outstanding example of a school building designed by the office of the Queensland Government Architect, which at the time was the equal of any architectural office in Australia. It is exceptional in its quality and form and displays characteristics typical of its style through its simple massing, roughcast render and broad roof planes extending over verandahs with projecting gables and ventilators.</p><br>
<p>Lake Yastrebinoye  is a 2 km long lake in Priozersky District of Leningrad Oblast, close to the border with the Republic of Karelia, in the northernmost part of the Karelian Isthmus, 10 km from the railway station Kuznechnoye. The lake is situated in a depression between steep outcrops of granite rocks of the Baltic Shield, which are a popular climbing area. The lake and its surroundings  are designated as a protected natural monument of Leningrad Oblast.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 licenses were issued by Karelian authorities to establish granite quarries in the Republic of Karelia next to the natural monument, which is situated nearby, but in another federal subject. After a public campaign against the project and petitioning by the government of Leningrad Oblast in 2007 the licenses were withdrawn and the 10 km zone along the border in Karelia near the lake was reserved as a protected area.</p><br>
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<p>Bremo, also known as Bremo Plantation or Bremo Historic District, is a plantation estate covering 1,500 acres on the west side of Bremo Bluff in Fluvanna County, Virginia. The large mansion at Upper Bremo was designed by owner John Hartwell Cocke in consultation with John Neilson , the designer of Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Monticello. The estate includes two smaller residences built at Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess.</p><br>
<p>The plantation, which overlooks the James River, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its significance as a well-preserved example of Jeffersonian archicture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Starting in 1808, John Hartwell Cocke built an estate of three houses along the James River, which he named "Bremo" after his family&#39;s ancestral home of Braemore in Scotland. One of the original structures was an ancestral hunting lodge at Lower Bremo that was built of stone and dated back to 1725. Cocke inhabited this lodge close to the river as his first home on the estate.</p><br>
<p>Around 1812, Cocke completed a larger home for himself and his wife Anne Blaws Barraud at Bremo Recess, situated on higher ground farther back from the James River. This house featured dormer windows, a pointed roof, and later incorporated elements of Jacobean architecture.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of the mansion</h3><br>
<p>During his time at Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess, Cocke began working on the design of a grand plantation mansion to be built at the Upper Bremo area. Cocke spared no expense during the construction, utilizing hand-molded brick. Even the neighboring barn was adorned with columns. The construction of the mansion took several years and was completed in 1819. At about the same time, the lodge at Lower Bremo was renovated for Cocke&#39;s son Cary.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War years</h3><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Mary Anna Custis Lee, the wife of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, stayed at Bremo as a guest of the Cocke family. Though it was 80 miles away from her home in Richmond, Virginia, the James River and Kanawha Canal permitted a relatively comfortable trip by boat. Bremo also did not suffer the wartime shortages that had been plaguing Richmond. However, within a few days of her arrival, Lee&#39;s health suffered a setback because of a severe fall from her crutches on the finely polished floor. Family friend Doctor Cary Charles Cocke built a special bed to accommodate her affliction from rheumatoid arthritis. She was usually accompanied by her son Rob and daughters Agnes and Mildred.</p><br>
<p>Bremo itself did not escape the effect of the war. On March 8, 1865, the estate was raided by Union forces. General Lee personally visited the plantation that year. The Lees stayed intermittently at Bremo until November 1865, after the war. The place that was occupied by Mary Anna Custis Lee is still called "Mrs. Lee’s room".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The overall design of the mansion was initiated by John Hartwell Cocke with master builder John Neilson (c.1770 - 1827), who had worked with Thomas Jefferson on Monticello. The architecture is believed to be based on the Palladian style utilized by Jefferson. Although the original plans were destroyed in a fire in 1894, students of Jeffersonian architecture who had seen the drawings said that they had recognized them as the work of Jefferson himself. It has been called "the most magnificent conception of a house" in America.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is one story high at its northern entrance, but has two stories on the southern side where the land slopes down towards the James River. The home is designed with distinct elements of Jeffersonian architecture, such as upper windows built at floor level to reduce the visual scale of the structure. The landscaping incorporates ha-has, which were dug out of the view from the mansion while serving to keep livestock from wandering into the yard.</p><br>
<p>A monument on the estate, named Temperance Spring, is an early example, in miniature, of the Greek Revival style. The homes at Lower Bremo and Bremo Recess were rebuilt in their present Jacobean forms in 1844.</p><br>
<p>The Algar do Carvão  is an ancient lava tube or volcanic vent located in the central part of the island of Terceira in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It lies within the civil parish of Porto Judeu in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The existence of the cavern had been known for a long time, but the depth and lack of ambient light, made any descent difficult, owing to the vertical descent, and delayed any real exploration.</p><br>
<p>On 26 January 1893, the first descent, "...with the use of a simple rope, was accomplished by Cândido Corvelo and Luis Sequeira."</p><br>
<p>The second descent was made in 1934, by Didier Couto, who produced the first rough map of the interior. This drawing, based on visual observations alone (rather than measurements), turned out to be quite accurate.</p><br>
<p>On 18 August 1963, a group of enthusiasts organized a descent using a "chair" platform suspended on a nylon line and, later, a harness.</p><br>
<p>With the advent of portable lighting systems, it was possible to re-examine the observations first-hand, including the most remote and narrow sections of the cavern. The site was open to the public in the late 20th century, through weekly organized tours (except weekends and holidays) through the summer (from May to September). Access to the site is also possible through the Montanheiros (Mountaineers) organization, the group responsible for matters associated with the Algar.</p><br>
<h3>Toponymy</h3><br>
<p>The word, algar, is a Portuguese word that denotes a natural cavity in the earth that, unlike most caves or caverns, is more vertical in its orientation, like a well. The Portuguese word derives from the Arabic word, al-Gar, which means "the crease", while Carvão means "coal" in Portuguese. The Algar do Carvão is not a source of coal, and the term carvão has also been used in the Portuguese vernacular akin to "blackened", "sooty" or "burnt", referring to the dark composition of the rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Terceira is the site of four large volcanoes (Pico Alto, Santa Bárbara, Guilherme Moniz, and Cinco Picos) grouped along a basaltic fissure zone that transects the island from northwest to southeast. The Algar do Carvão is directly associated with the caldera of the Guilherme Moniz volcano, but it is part of the same complex as Santa Barbara to the west, Pico Alto to the north, and Guilherme Moniz, which is a short distance to the south of the Algar do Carvão site. Algar do Carvão is situated at 583 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The 40.5 hectare extent was classified as a Regional National Monument (Monumento Natural Regional) due to its peculiar volcanological characteristics, in addition to its environmental ecosystem. The mouth of the Algar consists of a 45 m vertical passage to the interior, that reaches a ramp of debris and gravel. From here there is another decline to the clear waters of the interior pool, approximately 90 m from the level surface. The pool is supported by rainwater, and can reach as deep as 15 m depth or become dry in summer months, owing to little or no precipitation.</p><br>
<p>The cave itself is remarkable for the unique mineralogical characteristics of its silicate stalactites.</p><br>
<h3>Biome</h3><br>
<p>The Algar is populated by a rich plant tapestry, that covers the mouth of the cone structure, including various endemic species. Further, there are several invertebrate species that make the cavern their homes, such as the cavernous spider Turinyphia cavernicola and other species of Troglofauna, like the centipede Lithobius obscurus azorae, the springtail Pseudosinella ashmoleorum and ground beetle Trechus terceiranus. Finally, there is a distinct presence of various moss, including those on the Red Data Book of European Bryophytes (ECCB), like the Alophosia azorica and Calypogeia azorica, among others.</p><br>
<p>Bay of Angra  is a natural bay within the coastal extent of the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, on the Portuguese island of Terceira in the archipelago of the Azores. Within an average depth of 40 m, the bay has been of historical importance to the island; since the 15th century, it was a port-of-call for returning merchant shipping from the East Indies and Brazil, laden with gold, silver, porcelain, spices, rare woods, and other goods. These ships would anchor in the Bay of Angra until supported by armed escorts, which would accompany the ships on the rest of their voyage to Portugal. The Bay at Angra provided shelter from northern and northwestern winds; only storms originating to the south or southeast, posed a threat. Nonetheless, the Bay is the final resting-place of several ships affected by the adverse winds: local archives and a rich oral tradition supports the foundering of many ships against the leeward shore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Given the immense value of the cargo transiting the Azores and the prevalence of pirates in the north Atlantic, the need to defend the city and the bay of Angra was recognized very early. During a period when trade from the Indies was active, the Portuguese built and maintained a defensive corridor around the island of Terceira, and in particular near the Bay of Angra. This was accomplished by setting up a series of forts, batteries and redoubts to provide a crossfire; the redoubts of Monte Brasil and cannon batteries from the Fort of São Sebastião effectively impeded assaults by pirates and invaders.</p><br>
<p>The early voyages of Christopher Columbus and, later, those of Vasco da Gama (whose brother, Paulo da Gama, was buried in the Convent of São Francisco in Angra) permitted the Azores to take an important role in mid-Atlantic traffic. Early trading expeditions reinforced the importance of the island of Terceira, and allowed the Bay of Angra to develop, as an important trans-shipping stop from the East. This role helped the establishment of a protective fleet, called the "Armada of the Islands" by King Manuel I, and ordered special rules for "...for ships from India in the Azores and the institution of arbiters of customs..." (or maritime magistrates), both in 1520.</p><br>
<p>During the reign of John III of Portugal, around 1527, the position of the Purveyor of the Fleets was established, with his headquarters in Angra. Pero Anes do Canto was the first Purveyor of the Fleet, and his family occupied this role until the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Purveyor, whose house was strategically close to the Bay of Angra and the customs pier, was responsible for maintaining the security of the island: Pero Anes, therefore, established a surveillance system which could detect approaching raider ships which, in conjunction with coastal defences could protect the ships and their goods, and still provide supplies and provisions. The system required the coordination between the Purveyor and other authorities on Terceira, in addition to the islands in the Central and Western Groups of the Azores. Specific attention was taken with the authorities on the island of Corvo (the north-westernmost island in the archipelago), who were likely to spot the arrival of ships from the west: it was the responsibility of the authorities on this island to send a courier to Angra with news of any sighting.</p><br>
<p>The defence of returning ships was handled by an armed fleet consisting of a variable number of ships that shuttled between Lisbon and Terceira, with regular stops in the archipelago of the Berlengas. On Terceira, the admiralty was constantly monitoring news related to pirates and privateers, normally posting warships near Corvo for intervals of four months. Convoys would form-up and continue to Lisbon when the last trading ship from the East Indies arrived at the end of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Geological evidence points to the bay being formed by basaltic lavas, much eroded and covered by pyroclastic surges, tuffs of palagonite-like matter, material formed by the interaction of molten basalt and cold seawater, and consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during volcanic eruptions, all from the volcano that helped define the bay itself, the looming presence called Monte Brasil. These depositions originated under water and are very solid and compact.</p><br>
<p>On top of these volcanic layers are sedimentary materials, sometimes of great thickness, formed mainly of sand, pebbles, and large blocks of rolled palagonite with abundant cavities. Consequently, there are many submarine springs that emit brackish water.</p><br>
<p>This bay, given its origin, has quite a diverse morphology, presenting sandbars, vertical walls (some more than 40 metres high), large blocks, fields of small and medium stones, caves, pebbles scattered on sandy bottoms, etc.</p><br>
<h3>Biome</h3><br>
<p>Some of the marine species present in the bay include:</p><br>
<p>Wide-eyed flounder (Bothus podas maderensis)</p><br>
<p>Striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus)</p><br>
<p>Guinean pufferfish (Sphoeroides marmoratus)</p><br>
<p>Groupers (Serranidae)</p><br>
<p>Wrasses (Labridae and Coris julis)</p><br>
<p>Black sea urchin (Arbacia lixula)</p><br>
<p>Triggerfish (Balistes carolinensis)</p><br>
<p>Hermit crab (Calcinus tubularis)</p><br>
<p>Octopus (Octopus vulgaris)</p><br>
<p>Starfish (Ophidiaster ophidianus)</p><br>
<p>Jellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca)</p><br>
<p>Portuguese man-o&#39;-war (Physalia physalis)</p><br>
<p>Round fantail stingray (Taeniura grabata)</p><br>
<p>Blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus)</p><br>
<p>Sea anemone (Alicia mirabilis)</p><br>
<p>In all, more than 128 species are present in the bay, including:</p><br>
<p>Red algae (Asparagopsis armata)</p><br>
<p>Red algae (Pterocladiella capillacea)</p><br>
<p>Brown algae (Dictyota dichotoma)</p><br>
<p>Ascidians-flower (corolla Distaplia)</p><br>
<p>Sea lettuce (Ulva intestinalis)</p><br>
<p>Sea lettuce (Ulva rigidis)</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The Direcção Geral dos Portos da Terceira e Graciosa (Directorate-General for the Ports of Terceira and Graciosa), presented on 25 October 2011, in the Centro Cultural e de Congressos (Cultural and Congress Centre) the elaboration of a project of the environmental impact study and process plans for the construction of a new cruiser terminal for the Bay of Angra. The terminal project with a dock of 350 - length, would expand the bay to a 12 m depth, and provide a 20 m wide support platform, with 20,000 m&sup2; area, and a ferry ramp for roll-on-roll-off operations for inter-island traffic. During the presentation issues were raised as to manoeuvrability of cruise ships within the confined spaces of the Bay, suggesting that the planned design would not permit ships much latitude to manoeuvre. The design called for a 500 m protective service area, but that a 900 m would be more viable: the mouth of the Monte Brasil channel would have to be expanded in order to support this limited service area.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The following locations are of archaeological interest:</p><br>
<p>Cemetery of Anchors (Cemitério das Âncoras)</p><br>
<p>Shipwreck of the Lidador, a Brazilian steamboat (1878)</p><br>
<p>Shipwreck of the Run&#39;her, a Confederate steamboat (1863)</p><br>
<p>Underwater Archaeological Park of the Bay of Angra do Heroísmo (Parque Arqueológico Subaquático da Baía de Angra do Heroísmo)</p><br>
<p>The Squire Earick House is the oldest known wood-frame house in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, built in 1819 in the Portland neighborhood. It has had many owners and a complicated history. David Shields and his brother-in-law purchased the house in 1827. Shields was a trader and pilot on the Ohio River, taking flatboats loaded with pork, flour, and whiskey to New Orleans from Portland. In 1831 he ran into financial difficulties that eventually bankrupted him in 1843. He and his family continued to live in the Earick House until about 1843 when a brother-in-law, Squire Jacob Wilstach Earick, purchased the house. Earick remodeled parts of the house with Victorian upgrades and lived there with his large family until his death. The Portland Museum owns two charcoal portraits and two oil portraits by naturalist John James Audubon. The charcoal drawings represent Mary Ann Bell who became Mrs. Jacob Earick and her mother Jane McLean Bell. The oil paintings represent Jacob Earick and Mary Ann Bell Earick.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Development Organization donated the Earick House to the Portland Museum in 1994. It is currently undergoing renovation. With limited funding available, it may not be completed until 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Building style</h2><br>
<p>The Earick House was built by timber framing, where heavy timber are jointed together with pegged mortise and tenon joints.</p><br>
<p>Bay of Salga  is a bay in the civil parish of Vila de São Sebastião, in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.</p><br>
<p>It is historically significant for the famous Battle of Salga, which delayed the military conquest of the Azores by Spanish forces on 25 July 1581. Troops loyal to António, Prior of Crato, pretender to the Portuguese throne, defended the island of Terceira in his name against forces loyal to Castille, during the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580.</p><br>
<p>Alongside the bay is a monument to Brianda Pereira, a peasant woman who led a group of women who released cattle and bulls against the Spanish coming ashore, forcing the troops to return to their ships. This incident permitted the islanders to hold out for another two years, and resulted it becoming the unique independent Portuguese territory not administered by Spain.</p><br>
<p>The area was transformed into a leisure zone, supported by a campground, small port and natural tidal pools. Also within the proximity of the coast is the former home of Brinda Pereira, which was restored and preserved to mark the heroic woman&#39;s perseverance and fortitude.</p><br>
<p>The beach has been classified by the Regional Government of the Azores (1/2005/A, 15 February 2005) for "intensive use, adjacent or not to the urban agglomerations, that has several infrastructure of elevated level, supports and equipment to secure public service use."</p><br>
<p>Main Mall Row is an adjoining group of nine commercial buildings along the northeast corner of the intersection of Main and Garden streets in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. They were mostly built after a fire in 1870 destroyed the previous buildings on the site. The new structures were three-to-four story buildings in the Renaissance Revival style, many with ornamental touches such as bracketed cornices, paneled friezes, arcaded facades and molded lintels. 315 Main Mall, at the east end, has an ornate cast iron facade. They are considered among the most architecturally significant commercial buildings in the city, and are still in use as stores today. The building at 3-9 Garden Street retains its original storefronts. The row, as with many of the other buildings in downtown Poughkeepsie, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Their current name comes from Main Mall, the city&#39;s attempt to establish a pedestrian mall in the area, the two blocks of Main between Market and Academy streets, during the 1970s. With the nearby Luckey, Platt & Company Department Store, a commercial mainstay of the city, losing customers to suburban shopping malls, city planners thought they could sustain downtown by offering shoppers a similar experience. In 1973 the two blocks were closed to vehicle traffic. However, the decline of the downtown continued as most shoppers continued to choose the malls, especially after Luckey Platt closed in 1980. The city reopened the street and ended Main Mall in 2001, helping to revive commercial and residential development in the area.</p><br>
<p>Hanover County Courthouse is an historic courthouse located in the community of Hanover Courthouse, the county seat of Hanover County, Virginia. Built about 1735, it is one of the nations oldest courthouses still in use for that purpose. It is historically notable as the site of the Parsons Cause case, which was argued by Patrick Henry in 1763. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973. A modern courthouse complex stands nearby, which now houses most of the county&#39;s judicial functions.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hanover County Courthouse is located in the center of the small community formally called Hanover Courthouse (but is more colloquially known just as "Hanover"). It is set on a grassy quadrangle on the north side of United States Route 301, with other 18th-century buildings nearby that make up the Hanover County Courthouse Historic District. It is a single story brick building, with a tall hipped roof with modillioned cornice, and three chimneys. It is laid out in a T shape, with the courtroom in the rear-projecting leg of the T, the judge&#39;s quarters on the left side, and a jury room on the right. The front of the building is distinguished by an arcade of rounded arches.</p><br>
<p>Hanover County was created in 1720 by the Colony of Virginia. The courthouse was built about 1735, supposedly by William Meriwether, who also built and operated the original Hanover Tavern, just across the main road. Its design was apparently based on the courthouse of King William County to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>In 1763, Patrick Henry, who lived and practiced law in Hanover County, argued the case of the Parsons Cause, involving King George IIIs veto of local legislation changing tax rates for the support of local Anglican ministry despite their objections and those of the House of Burgesses. Henry, representing the County, accused the King of tyranny in overturning colonial law without regard to the wishes of his subjects.</p><br>
<p>A new modern government complex with two court buildings was built and opened in 1979 adjacent to the 1735 courthouse, which is still actively used for periodic judicial proceedings to alleviate crowded court dockets and also for handling ceremonial events</p><br>
<p>The Lady Washington Hose Company building is located on Academy Street in downtown Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It was once home to one of the citys volunteer companies of the same name and subsequently housed the Childrens Media Project. It is currently owned by two Poughkeepsie artists. It is an unusual combination of different architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The company was created in 1863 when the city bought new fire engines for the Niagara and Cataract companies. This forced the Neptune Company out of business, and it was accordingly reorganized as the Lady Washington. The firehouse was built in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Local architect Percival M. Lloyd was hired to design the building, and he in turn subcontracted the construction to the ODonnell Construction Company, another local firm. The resulting structure has a yellow brick facade. A corbelled soffit holds the Japanese-style tiled roof. A small wing shows signs of a Gothic Revival influence with its castellated roofline. The facades second story is dominated by a hanging bay window. The soffit, bay window and single garage door at street level are currently painted a bright green in contrast with the facade.</p><br>
<p>The interior is largely intact. The Japanese influence on the roof continues with its supporting rafters visible.</p><br>
<p>After the citys fire department absorbed the company, the building was reused as a warehouse by the Southeastern New York Library Council. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, one of three of the citys former firehouses so listed (the other two are the O. H. Booth Hose Company and the Niagara Engine House).</p><br>
<p>The Haffenreffer Brewery, established in 1870, was a former brewer in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. The first Haffenreffer bottles were plate mold bottles and were produced by Karl Hutter of New York and had the traditional lightning stop tops. According to Haffenreffer company records later in 1876 the Haffenreffer Brewery contracted with Dean Foster and Company of Boston to aid in the production of bottles for the brewery and the growing demand. Starting in 1893 all Haffenreffer bottles were produced with Karl Hutter stoppers. Haffenreffer Private Stock, a legacy of the original Haffenreffer & Co. product line, is a brand of malt liquor still manufactured by Haffenreffer & Co. today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Haffenreffer Brewery was founded by Rudolph Frederick Haffenreffer, a German immigrant who arrived in Boston after the Civil War. Following his death on March 8, 1929, the business was turned over to his sons, Rudolf F. Haffenreffer Jr. (1874-1954) and Theodore Carl Haffenreffer (1880-1956). The brewery was subsequently run by other members of the Haffenreffer family, including Rudolph Frederick Haffenreffer III (1902-1991), his brother Carl W. Haffenreffer (1906-1999), and their first cousin, Theodore Carl Haffenreffer III (1917-2008). The brewery closed in 1965, having survived Prohibition and operating for nearly a century, leaving Massachusetts without a brewery for the first time in 300 years.</p><br>
<h3>Haffenreffer complex</h3><br>
<p>The entire Haffenreffer complex was redeveloped by the Jamaica Plain Neighborhood Development Corporation, which owns and operates it today. The Boston Beer Company, brewer of Samuel Adams beer, has been an anchor tenant and investor since the mid-1980s, and offers tours of the brewery there.</p><br>
<p>The main brewery building is included on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The top of the smokestack from the old Haffenreffer Brewery crumbled and had been partially restored to current building codes- so the letters on its side read FENREFFER BREWERS for more than 30 years. In late 2016, a local artist installed a circular steel frame to the top with the letters HAF, which restored the smokestack to its full name.</p><br>
<p>Among those businesses sharing it with Boston Beer are:</p><br>
<p>Bella Luna Restaurant</p><br>
<p>Bikes Not Bombs</p><br>
<p>City Life/Vida Urbana</p><br>
<p>Children&#39;s Music Center of JP</p><br>
<p>Kenyon Woodworking</p><br>
<p>JP School of Dance</p><br>
<p>Mike&#39;s Fitness</p><br>
<p>The Parent Review</p><br>
<p>ULA Cafe</p><br>
<p>Women in the Building Trades</p><br>
<p>Camden is an Italian Villa-style house on the Rappahannock River just downriver of Port Royal, Virginia. Built 1857-1859, it is one of the nation&#39;s finest examples of an Italianate country house. It is located on the southeast bank of the Rappahannock River, about 0.5 mi north of the intersection of Camden Road  and United States Route 17.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Camden is a two-story frame house in a pure Italianate style, clad with flush siding that was originally treated to resemble stone. The tower base projects from the front, with a semicircular porch surrounding its base, looking out over the Rappahannock River. The first floor includes a central hall, library, dining room, parlor and a main-level bedroom. The parlor retains its original Victorian rococo furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Camden was built on the basement of an earlier house belonging to the Pratt family that dated to 1760. William Carter Pratt demolished this house around 1856 to use the prominent site for a new house. He engaged Baltimore architect Norris G. Starkweather, with construction stating in 1857, completed in 1859. Up-to-date in style and technology, the house was equipped with central heating and cooling, gas lights and running water. A private gas works was installed to generate gas for the lights. The house&#39;s tower was destroyed during the American Civil War, by a hit from a Union gunboat in late November 1862, and never restored.</p><br>
<p>The property is also significant as the home of a Native American family of the late 17th century, where iron trade tools and silver medals have been found. The silver medals were minted by the British and given to the Powhatan chiefs as tokens of peace.</p><br>
<p>The Silver medals were discovered on the property during the excavation of an older structure, eventually discovered to be the house of John "The Ranger" Taliaferro.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Richard Drew House is a historic house at 2505 1st Street in Arlington, Virginia. A vernacular early 20th-century dwelling, it is of national significance as the home from 1920 to 1939 of Charles Richard Drew , an African-American physician whose leadership on stockpiling of blood plasma saved lives during World War II. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Drew House is located in a modest residential area in central Arlington, just northeast of the corner of 1st Street South and South Cleveland Street. It is a narrow two-story frame structure covered with wood clapboards and topped with a gabled roof. Originally a four-room house, the house was expanded with a two-room two-story addition during Drew&#39;s ownership. The house is arranged around a side stair hall, which is also the entry. From front to back the first floor comprises the living room, dining room and kitchen. Upstairs are two bedrooms and a den.</p><br>
<p>The house was the home from 1920 to 1939 of Charles Richard Drew. Drew, educated at Amherst College and McGill University, conducted research in blood transfusion, and in particular the banking of blood, which was known to degenerate rapidly after removal from its donor. By the outbreak of World War II he had demonstrated that blood plasma could be stored virtually indefinitely under the proper conditions. Drew was placed in charge of a program under which blood plasma was sent to Great Britain in the early years of the war, which was continued when the United States entered the war. Drew eventually resigned from the program over racist policies enacted by the government that segregated the stockpiled blood by race. He was afterward a leading figure (at Howard University and elsewhere) in the training of a whole generation of African-American doctors.</p><br>
<p>Tsivlos  is a small mountain village in the municipality of Akrata, Achaea, Greece. It is part of the community Platanos. In 2011, it had a population of 9. It is built on the slopes of Mount Chelmos , above the river Krathis, at about 750 m elevation. Lake Tsivlos, north of the village, was formed by a landslide in 1912. Tsivlos is located 12 km southwest of Akrata, 12 km northeast of Kalavryta and 11 km south of Platanos.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tsivlos was mentioned as the settlement of Civlò in the census of the Venetian Francesco Grimani in 1700; it had 33 families and 148 inhbitants. Until 1912, Tsivlos was a part of the municipality of Nonakrida. The village was part of the municipality of Akrata since 1998. In 2011 it became part of the new municipality Aigialeia.</p><br>
<p>On Sunday March 24, 1912, a large volume of rocks and soil fell from the nearby mountain of Gerakari which devastated the village of Sylivaina and fell into the Krathis river. The river water flooded a large part of Tsivlos, creating a lake with a depth of 80 m and an area of around 200 hectares. The inhabitants of the two villages had relocated two days before the disaster.</p><br>
